Essay on Does Utilitarianism Lead to Extreme Self Sacrifice

The principal of utility is to maximize the happiness in ones self by using benefits misusing the harms. It acts as to produce advantage, pleasure, good or happiness and the greatest net balance of benefits over harms for all affected impartially. In Utilitarianism, J.S. Mill was trying to show that actions and institutions should increase the overall amount of happiness in the world, and stressed the importance of utilitarianism as the first principle in ethics. Happiness should be judged, not only by pleasure, but by pain as well, Mill believes that a person should always seek to gain pleasure and reject pain. According to Smart, the act-utilitarian is to regard rules as mere rules of thumb, and will use them only as rough guides.†¦show more content†¦If someone is not found in responsible for the crime, the angry mob will own there own revenge on a much smaller and quite vulnerable section of the community. If the judge knows that the real culprit is unknown and that the authorities do not even have a good clue as to who he may be. The judge could frame a disliked and useless man who though innocent could easily be framed in order to save the community from the mob. The mob would believe that this man would be the one responsible for the wrong doing and after his execution would not take revenge on the community. â€Å"Most of us regard such a framing and execution of such a man in such circumstances as totally unacceptable.†(Nielsen, 150) In such a case some critics would say that an act-utilitarian may find it difficult because by framing the innocent man would actually be the right choice. By framing him, it will satisfy the angry mob and indeed save the community from bloody savage and revenge. However, Nielsen argues that a reasonable act-utilitarian could conclude that framing an innocent person would not be the rational act. If the magistrate were a tough minded but morally conscientious consequentialist, he could refuse to frame and execute the innocent man, even knowing that this would unleash the mob and cause much suffering and many deaths. The rational for his particular moral stand would be that, if he framed andShow MoreRelatedThe Element Of Moral Philosophy By James Rachels1161 Words   |  5 Pages In the book, â€Å"The Element of Moral Philosophy†, James Rachels explores the several criticisms of Utilitarianism. In this essay, I will touch on these criticisms, outlining the major implications they propose to Utilitarianism. I will also explain why many of the notions proposed against Utilitarianism are self-serving, and instead serve to improve the general good of a minority population, which contradicts the Utilitarian theory of equating moral aptit ude to the general good of a majority populationRead MoreUtilitarianism vs. Individualism1366 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism vs. Individualism Arguments for utilitarianism and individualism will never end. The essence of utilitarianism, pleasure is the chief end of life and the greatest happiness for the greatest number should be the ultimate goal of human beings, has always been a crucial matter of concern and controversy. It is regarded as an exploit of people’s freedom and individualism. However, individualism is deemed as an ignorance of teamwork. We cannot simply tell which one is superior to theRead MoreExamples Of Utilitarianism And The Trolley Problem1208 Words   |  5 PagesUtilitarianism and The Trolley Problem Utilitarianism is an ethical principle that states that everyone should act in the way that will bring out the most good for the majority. If this were true then most people would make the decision to save five people even if it required murder or one. The Trolley Problem dives right into this core issue by describing a decision making scenario. Utilitarianism is damaged as an ethical theory because it oversimplifies this decision, and other decisions likeRead MoreDifference Between Virtue Ethics, Kantian And Utilitarianism977 Words   |  4 PagesBefore we get to the premises of my argument, I would like to distinguish the difference between virtue ethics, Kantian deontology and utilitarianism. Unlike virtue ethics, Kantian and utilitarianism tell us what our duty is to our fellow human beings. In utilitarianism the goal is to increase happiness for the greatest number of people. This often requires self-sacrifice and it can be quite demanding to figure out what decision will hav e the best consequence and the most happiness. Kantian ethics, onRead More1A.The First False Statement States â€Å"Rule-Utilitarianism1897 Words   |  8 Pages1A. The first false statement states â€Å"Rule-utilitarianism is just about following the rules that are in place. If society has a rule against doing something, then a rule-utilitarian will always agree that you should not do that.† I find this to be false because rule utilitarianism is not just about following the rules or about simply looking at the consequences. Utilitarianism itself is about doing the morally right action, this should be the action which produces the most positive balance of goodwillRead MoreUtilitarianism Versus Rawls Versus Nozick2479 Words   |  10 PagesUtilitarianism is fine if your among the winners justice is better if you are not Utilitarianism is the moral philosophy that the morally right action is that which leads to the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. The term justice means getting what you deserve both good and bad. However there is significant disagreement between justice theorists as to what causes who to deserve what. In this essay I will be discussing John Rawls concept of contract justice and Robert NozicksRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 Pagesstory. Some names include the Puritan spiritual advisor Anne Hutchinson, who is banished for speaking out against Christian beliefs and traditions, the founder of behaviorism John B. Watson, and Jeremy Bentham the founder of modern utilitarianism. Shirley Jackson also does a great job of making the traditions and lifestyle of the villagers very distinct from one another; as well as, making the location of the village unknown. They have modern celebrations, yet they resort to barbaric methods to ensureRead More John Stuart Mill s Views On Morality1402 Words   |  6 Pagessatisfaction. Mill’s views on morality is utilitarianism, which is centered mainly on pleasure and happiness. Everyone can agree that feeling pain is bad and that happiness is a good thing. He emphasizes that actions that maximizes pleasure and decreases pain for the greatest number is right. Mills does not necessarily mean personally happiness, as that is a common misconception of utility, whereas he means happiness for the greater number of people. Which leads to examples in the aspect of sacrificingRead MoreWe Should Set Limits On Moral Obligation1398 Words   |  6 Pagesmuch can it ask of us to sacrifice for others? This question had placed great influence on Zell Kravinsky story and it is important we evaluate his arguments for moral obligation can ask of us. In this essay I intend to recognize the infraction that moral obligation puts on decisions such as ‘nondirected’ organ donation. The boundary Zell Kravinsky set an moral obligation should be avoided because his actions were not entirely moral, and placed harm on his well-being. Zell does limit to the amount ofRead More The Fight for Human Rights Essay3126 Words   |  13 Pagessecurity-for-rights compromise. Though their respective theories vary greatly in theory and in practice, they provide models to condemn this exchange. Nevertheless, each differs in the persuasiveness and effectiveness of their tools for argumentation. Mill’s utilitarianism, Nozick’s libertarianism, and Rawls’ egalitarian liberalism reject the tradeoff of security for a majority in exchange for the violation of the rights a minority. John Stuart Mill outlines a sometimes dubious plan for protecting rights and lacks

The Most Famous Works Malcolm X - 1855 Words

Of the people who are praised upon in history, some men are remembered for their intelligent minds, while other others are criticized for leaving a disappointing past behind. Its easy to remember some of the impacts the great men left, but often enough the men who have the biggest impact are some how forgotten. This is the way people remember Malcolm X. He had influenced many Blacks to stand up for their rights against the inequality by the American government. He has often been criticized for his stances that look like radicalism, while on the other side he has been praised for his attempts in raising the class status, and equality for Blacks. He is often heard about in this modern day through his powerful speeches and readings, and one of his most famous works Malcolm X: By Any Means Necessary. His readings often focused around pointing out the inequality of blacks, there was no sense of settlement especially for the strong civil rights leaders, this was no fight for equality, it w as a life style and pursue of happiness. The cultural movement during the 20’s lost its power in the 30’s because of the depression. The Great Depression turned away attention from cultural and equality matters to economic. Even prior to the market crash of 1929, poverty and joblessness among blacks was remarkably high. It was under these tricky circumstances that during this time Malcolm X was still in his youth. Malcolm X was a very notorious mind in his time. He grew up in a big family. HisShow MoreRelatedA Closer Look at Malcolm Xs Tactics Essay994 Words   |  4 Pages Malcolm X was a civil right activist in the 1960. Malcolm X’s public speech, â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet,† was a famous speech that motivated black communities to push for their civil right. Malcolm X was a radical and an advocate of violence. The purpose of Malcolm X speech was to convince his audience and the black community to come together as one and fight for their civil rights in America. He also convinces his audie nce to be more aware of how the government is treating them. Malcolm X uses ethosRead MoreEssay on Exploring the Autobiography of Malcom X1068 Words   |  5 Pagesany means necessary. These words were spoken by Malcolm X, a civil rights leader and political activist. He is also the main character, narrator, and author of the Autobiography of Malcolm X. The autobiography takes place in various cities in the United States, such as Omaha, New York, and Detroit, as well as the Middle East, and Africa. Considering the type of literature this is, it is obvious to state that Malcolm X is the main character. Malcolm X, as a child, was intelligent and popular amongstRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement: Malcolm X1135 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the Civil Rights Movement, there was a famous leader whose protests were peaceful and non-violent. That man was Martian Luther King Jr., but many people have never heard of another Civil Rights leader. Even though his protests were different than King’s protests, he did his part and help with equality. This man was Malcolm Little, more famously known as Malcolm X. After a rough upbringing, Malcolm X led protests that differed which ended with his assassination. His protesting didn’t startRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.† (Famous civil-rights†¦) As Martin Luther King, Jr. said, the â€Å"measure† of a man comes not when things are going well, but when things are times are challenging. In the time of the Civil Rights movement, lots of African American people were measured by how they managed difficult situations. The Civil rights movement had many influential leaders andRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesWho is Malcolm X? Answers tend to vary by person but in the â€Å"Autobiography of Malcolm X†, it really delved into the pivotal details of his life and readers like myself, went on an enthralling metaphorical journey to see the intriguing development of him as a child, a young adult, a convict, a follower, and ultimately a leader. For starters, Malcolm X was not born with the infamous and famous X. His birth name was Malcolm Little and the innocent Malcolm Little was very belittled (pun intended) inRead MoreComparing Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Martin Luther King and Malcolm X are to diverse individuals with two opposite personalities but both successfully succeeded in achieving freedom and bringing equality to black Americans discriminated against for many years even after the abolishment of slavery. Martin Luther King was born in 1929, in Georgia, Atlanta. Unlike the other black people in the southern states he was different he grew up in well off family who wasRead More The Black Community Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pagestook nearly 240 years for slavery to end in 1865(Ronald, , para. 3).These helpless slaves were taken to America and put to work growing anything from cotton to tobacco. Slaves had absolutely no rights. They were simply property of their â€Å"Massa’.† Being disrespectful to a white man could get a Negro killed and they just accepted the facts of the matter. The south was the most notorious in its treatment of slaves and slaves would run away. It was a big risk, but a slave that made it to a free stateRead MoreEssay Malcom X/Nation of Islam1489 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieved that Fard was actually god, in the form of man. Elijah Poole, later known as Elijah Muhammad, took over the Nation of Islam after Fard’s disappearance in 1934. One Nation of Islam follower widely known for his work was Malcolm X. Malcolm X was born on May 19, 1925 under the name Malcolm Little, the fourth child of Rev. Earl and Louise Little. Malcolm’s father was of Baptist faith that preached on Sundays, and supported Universal Negro Improvement Association and Marcus Garvey, a stirring oratorRead MoreMalcolm X and the Civil Rights Movement Essay730 Words   |  3 Pagesinfluential figures in the raise the freedom. They work to protect individuals from discrimination. A brave yet different civil rights leader was Malcolm X. Malcolm X was a very controversial character in his time. If there was any one man who demonstrated the anger, the struggle, and the beliefs of African Americans in the 1960s, that man was Malcolm X. El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz was an African-American Muslim minister and a human rights activist. Malcolm X’s (also know as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz) wasRead More Malcolm X Essay1737 Words   |  7 PagesMalcolm X The fifties and sixties were a crazy time to live; riots were happening, many Civil Rights Movement leaders were speaking in the streets, and student sit-ins were held. Many radical activists were preaching their thoughts on racism and things needed for equality. Some people felt it necessary to turn the other cheek to violence while others claimed it to be a right to defend themselves. The major figures in the Civil Rights Movement had their own opinions on how to equalize society.

Tax File Memo Harpers Hideaways

Question: Discuss about theTax File Memofor Harpers Hideaways. Answer: Memorandum Facts Caleb currently works full time in Harpers Hideaways. He used to work as a full time manager in Ski n Sports. In addition to this, Caleb also worked as a ski instructor only for the winters with the Wolf Creek. Calebs father died in 2013, he became very depressed and planned starting a business of guide and retreat in the inherited property of them mother in Pagosa spring. Caleb had prior experience so he worked in a very involved and enthusiastic manner in the new business, Harper Hideaways. Caleb engaged advertising agencies for promoting the business and in addition, they carried out online campaigns as well. In order to run the business competently Caleb invested in developing a slick website so that orders can be booked online. In addition to this he also purchased for the business the rafts, kayaks, tents etc. This all equipments were very expensive so in spite of having a regular flow of customer Caleb lost money in the business. The business in which Caleb is engaged is also his hobby so there is confusion that if the activities are treated as hobby then the loss will not be allowed as deduction. Issue In this case, the issue is to ascertain whether the activity the carried on by Caleb is business or hobby. In addition, it is also required to be determined whether the loss from Harper Hideaway is deductible. Rules Internal Revenue Code Section 183 Internal Revenue Code Section 162 Internal Revenue Code Section 212 Internal Revenue code section 162 Treasury Regulations 1.183-1 Treasury Regulations 1.183-2 Revenue Ruling 55-258 Revenue Ruling 75-14 Revenue Ruling 77-230 Revenue Ruling 2004-32 Analysis The section 162 provides that a deduction can be claimed for all the ordinary and necessary activity carried on by the business. The amount of deduction that can be claimed as deduction on depends on the provisions of section 183. The Section 183 Activities not engaged in for profit of the Internal Revenue Code, states that if an individual or corporation is engaged in an activity not for making profit then in such cases no expenses or losses attributable to the activity is allowed as deduction except that is provided in the section (Jones et al., 2014). The section 183 (b) provides that deduction will be limited to the amount of income generated by the business activity and the maximum limit of additional deduction allowed is 2% of annual gross income. Therefore, in order to determine the amount of allowable deduction it is important to ascertain whether the activity is business or hobby (Hoffman Smith, 2014). Nine factors are listed under Regulations 1.183-2 (b) to ascertain whether the taxpayer is engaged in business or hobby. These nine factors are discussed below: The manner in which the activity is conducted by the taxpayer. It is firstly important to ascertain whether the taxpayer in a businesslike manner conducts the activities. This can be established if the taxpayer maintains a separate bank account for the activity, maintains separate books of accounts and acting in the same manner as a profitable entity (Palan, 2016). In the given case, Caleb maintained the accounts in QuickBooks that helped him to track the expenses and income. Therefore, this condition is satisfied. The Expertise or Knowledge of the Taxpayer It is important that the operator of the business should have extensive knowledge about the activities of the business. It is an important factor for determining the business. Caleb was highly experienced and had deep knowledge of the business. Therefore, Caleb also fulfills this condition of having experience. The Time and Effort of the Taxpayer TIn order to determine whether the activity is business or hobby it is important to determine the time and effort that the taxpayer is devoting in the activity. If the taxpayer is dedicating more time and effort in the activity then it can be said that the taxpayer is engaged in the business with the intention of making profit (Strine, 2015). In this case, Caleb has sacrificed full time job for the business and is always engaged in the different activity of the business. It can be said that as the Caleb is putting more time and effort therefore it can be said that he is engaged in business activity with the intention of making profit. It is Expected that the Assets will Increase Value These factors considered that though there may be initial loss in the activity but the taxpayer can engage in the activity with the intention of making profit with the increase in value of the assets. In such cases, the activity will be considered as business activity. Calebs venture Harpers highway has made loss initially but Caleb is planning to purchase more equipment and renovate the property. Therefore, it can be said that Caleb believes the assets will increase value so it can be said as business activity. The Success in other Activities Undertaken by the Taxpayer In this factor, it is important to consider whether the taxpayer has the ability to convert the loss making activity into a profitable activity. It is ascertained by comparing the performance of the taxpayer in the related activities (Gale Brown, 2013). Caleb has performed full time and part-time jobs successfully. Therefore, it can be said that Caleb has the ability to convert it into profitable business so it is a business. The Historical Income and Loss from the Activity It is not necessarily true that if any activity leads to profit then it is engaged for profitable purpose and if it leads to loss then the activity is not engaged in the profitable purpose. It is therefore important to consider this factor. There is no historical profit and loss as the business has just started initially and in the current year, it has suffered loss. The Occasional Profit and Losses According to the section 183-2(b)(7) The amount of profit in relation to the amount of losses incurred, and in relation to the amount of the taxpayers investment and the value of the assets used in the activity, may provide useful criteria in determining the taxpayers intent. In accordance with the section, 183(d) if an activity has gross income in the three or four years in last 5 years then in such cases, it will be assumed that the taxpayer is engaged in the business for making profit (Meese Oman, 2014). This rule is not currently applicable in this case. The Financial Status of the Taxpayer In accordance with this factor, the income from other sources will help to ascertain whether the taxpayer is engaged in the activity as hobby or business. Caleb has no other sources of income and is currently involved only in this activity so it is a business. The Activity Engaged for Personal Recreation In this regulation, it is indicated that the personal motive means that the activity is not engaged as a business. The motive is an important factor if the taxpayer engages in an activity for the purpose of making profit then it is a business activity. In this case, Caleb has the motive of making Harpers Highway profitable as he has left fulltime work and is currently only working in this venture. It should be noted that not the individual factors but the overall factors are considered to determine the nature of the activity. Conclusion Based on the analysis above and facts of the case it can be concluded that the Caleb is engaged in business activity and not hobby therefore the loss will be allowed as deduction without any limitations. The reason for the conclusion is that as per the requirement of section 183 Caleb has sufficient knowledge of the activity and has engaged experts to conduct various activities in a professional manner. The Caleb does not have any other sources of income and is completely engaged in the activity. The most important regulation is also satisfied Caleb maintains the accounts of the business in accounting software quick. Therefore based on this facts and the nine factors under section 183 it can be concluded that the Caleb is engaged in business activity. Reference Gale, W. G., Brown, S. (2013). Small business, innovation, and tax policy: A review.Innovation, and Tax Policy: A Review (April 8, 2013). Hoffman, W. H., Smith, J. E. (2014).South-Western Federal Taxation 2015: Individual Income Taxes. Cengage Learning. Jones, C. R., Usrey, S. C., Webb, T. Z. (2014). Taxation of Gambling in the United States: Comparing the Current System with Two Alternatives.The ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research,12(2), 34-53. Meese, A. J., Oman, N. B. (2014, May). Hobby Lobby, Corporate Law, and the Theory of the Firm: Why For-Profit Corporations Are RFRA Persons. InHarvard Law Review Forum(Vol. 127, p. 273). Palan, R. (2016). 9 Corporate power in a global economy.Susan Strange and the Future of Global Political Economy: Power, Control and Transformation, 152. Strine Jr, L. E. (2015). Job Is Not a Hobby: The Judicial Revival of Corporate Paternalism and Its Problematic Implications, A.J. Corp. L.,41, 71.

Media Relations

Introduction Public relations (PR) refers to the process of presenting information to the public by an individual or an organization through appropriately managed channels (Henslowe 34). It involves dispensation of information in different forms such as blogging, educational websites, and social media by.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Companies use PR to market themselves to the public through persuasion. They convince investors, employees, stakeholders, partners, and the public to hold a certain viewpoint about their services or products, leadership or management system (Henslowe 36). Activities that are commonly associated with PR include awards, invitation to address conferences, and collaborations with the press on projects that affect the welfare of the public. How has Wikipedia (celebrating 10+ years) affected PR practices? Many PR firms use Wikipedia to pr ovide information to the public. However, there have been criticisms of bias in the information given by both individuals and organizations. Wikipedia’s celebrations have reiterated their effort to provide the public with accurate and unbiased information (Henslowe 33). Wikipedia has revolutionalized PR practices because of its unique model of presenting information. It allows people to edit offensive, inadequate, or biased information (Duhe 26). However, there is conflict of interest in cases where clients contract PR firms to edit certain information on their behalf. In addition, Wikipedia has streamlined the process of information delivery on the internet because it allows individuals to add or delete unwanted information (Duhe 27). This has increased the possibility of obtaining accurate and reliable information on the internet. Moreover, verification of information by editors improves the accuracy of information. Wikipedia has established policies that control content on their website (Duhe 28). This ensures that individuals do not manipulate information that they publish at their own will. In addition, their guidelines on conflict of interest ensure that clients do not misuse the website by adding biased information that is directed towards their competitors (Duhe 31). Wikipedia has affected PR practices significantly. How has social media changed the PR field? Social media has changed the field of public relations immensely. It has changed how people gather and share information, and how they communicate. It has increased the speed of gathering and sharing information (Nelson par5). For example, PR professionals have access to loads of information that help them to solve a variety of problems. Companies can collect information from customers about a certain product or service through social media. For instance, Twitter and Facebook are important resources used by companies to collect vital information that help them to develop plans and strategie s.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has also changed the dynamics of journalism. Journalists and PR professionals can easily obtain information online without necessarily going out in the field (Breakenridge 62). Moreover, with the advent of social media, information became readily available online. People can share information easily because it is fast and reliable. Information is gathered firsthand from targeted people instead of secondary sources. What is media bias? Find examples Media bias refers to the action of forcing a certain viewpoint on people by giving distorted or misleading information in order to promote a certain ideal (Ruschmann 41). As such, media bias is exhibited by either print or digital media companies. An individual journalist rarely exhibits it. Media bias is a common phenomenon in journalism because of differences in views, opinions, and interp retation of information. An example of media bias is the exclusion of viewpoints of a certain story covered in the media. The media may incline towards one side of the story and as a result give information that supports their viewpoint. The media has been accused of bias in almost every instance it gives information to the public. However, presenting all the views on a particular topic of discussion is difficult because people approach issues and synthesize information differently (Ruschmann 41). Therefore, it is difficult to present all viewpoints without excluding some. For example, minor political parties in the United States express their concern that the media focuses its attention on the two major parties: Democrats and Republicans. This constitutes media bias because they have a right to be heard and represented by the media. In addition, the media ignores their viewpoints on matters that are important to the public and instead concentrate on the viewpoints of the two major political parties (Sloan and MacKay 56). Conclusion Public relations refer to the process of presenting information to the public by an individual or an organization through appropriately managed channels. It is used by companies to create organizational images that portray them positively to the public. The media has played a significant role in changing the PR field. It has increased speed of information gathering and sharing. In addition, it has changed the way people communicate. Media bias is one of the challenges of PR. It involves presenting information that leans towards one side of certain situations while neglecting other sides. For example, the media focuses attention on major political parties and neglects minor parties. Media bias is common in political and religious circles. Works Cited Breakenridge, Deirde. Social Media and Public Relations: Eight New Practices for the  PR Professional. New York: FT Press, 2012. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sa mple on Media Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Duhe, Sandra. New Media and Public Relations. New York: Peter Lang, 2007. Print. Henslowe, Philip. Public Relations: a Practical Guide to the Basics. New York: Kogan Page Publishers, 2003. Print. Nelson, Kristin. Social Media: Shaping Public Relations since 1970. 10 Oct. 2012. Web. http://platformmagazine.org/2012/10/11/social-media-shaping-public-relations-since-1970/. Ruschmann, Paul. Media Bias. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009. Print. Sloan, William, and MacKay Jenn. Media Bias: Finding it and Fixing it. New York: McFarland, 2007. Print. This essay on Media Relations was written and submitted by user Th0mas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Medieval Childbirth and Baptism

Medieval Childbirth and Baptism The concept of childhood in the middle ages and the importance of the child in medieval society is not to be overlooked in history. It is fairly clear from the laws designed specifically for the care of children that childhood was recognized as a distinct phase of development and that, contrary to modern folklore, children were not treated as nor expected to behave as adults. Laws regarding the rights of orphans are among the pieces of evidence we have that children had value in society, as well. It is difficult to imagine that in a society where so much value was placed on children, and so much hope was invested in a couples ability to produce children, children would regularly suffer from a lack of attention or affection. Yet this is the charge that has often been made against medieval families. While there have been- and continue to be- cases of child abuse and neglect in western society, to take individual incidents as indicative of an entire culture would be an irresponsible approach to history. Instead, let us look at how society in general regarded the treatment of children. As we take a closer look at childbirth and baptism, well see that, in most families, children were warmly and happily welcomed into the medieval world. Childbirth in the Middle Ages Because the foremost reason for marriage at any level of medieval society was to produce children, the birth of a baby was usually a cause for joy. Yet there was also an element of anxiety. While the childbirth mortality rate is probably not as high as folklore would have it,   there was still a possibility of complications, including birth defects or a breech birth, as well as the death of mother or child or both. And even under the best of circumstances, there was no effective anesthetic to eradicate the pain. The lying-in room was almost exclusively the province of women; a male physician would only be called in when surgery was necessary.  Under ordinary circumstances, the mother- be she peasant, town-dweller, or noblewoman- would be attended by midwives. A midwife would usually have more than a decade of experience, and she would be accompanied by assistants whom she was training. In addition, female relatives and friends of the mother would frequently be present in the birthing room, offering support and good will, while the father was left outside with little more to do but pray for a safe delivery. The presence of so many bodies could raise the temperature of a room already made warm by the presence of a fire, which was used to heat water for bathing both mother and child. In the homes of the nobility, gentry, and wealthy townspeople, the birthing room would usually be freshly-swept and provided with clean rushes; the best coverlets were put on the bed and the place was turned out for display. Sources indicate that some mothers may have given birth in a sitting or squatting position.  To ease the pain and to hasten the process of childbirth, the midwife might rub the mothers belly with ointment. Birth was usually expected within 20 contractions; if it took longer, everyone in the household might try to help it along by opening cupboards and drawers, unlocking chests, untying knots, or even shooting an arrow into the air. All of these acts were symbolic of opening the womb. If all went well, the midwife would tie off and cut the umbilical cord and help the baby take its first breath, clearing its mouth and throat of any mucus. She would then bathe the child in warm water or, in more affluent homes, in milk or wine;  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹she might also use salt, olive oil, or rose petals. Trotula of Salerno, a 12th-century female physician, recommended washing the tongue with hot water to assure the child would speak properly.  It was not uncommon to rub honey on the palate to give the baby an appetite. The infant would then be swaddled snugly in linen strips so that his limbs might grow straight and strong, and laid in a cradle in a dark corner, where his eyes would be protected from bright light. It would soon be time for the next phase in his very young life: Baptism. Medieval Baptism The primary purpose of  baptism  was to wash away original sin and drive all evil from the newborn child. So important was this  sacrament  to the Catholic Church that the usual opposition to women performing sacerdotal duties was overcome for fear an infant might die unbaptized. Midwives were authorized to perform the rite if the child was unlikely to survive and there was no man nearby to do it. If the mother died in childbirth, the midwife was supposed to cut her open and extract the baby so that she could baptize it. Baptism had another significance: it welcomed a new Christian soul into the community. The rite conferred a name on the infant that would identify him throughout his life, however short it might be. The official ceremony in the church would establish lifelong ties to his godparents, who were not supposed to be related to their godchild through any blood or marriage link. Thus, from the very beginning of his life, the medieval child had a relationship to the community beyond that defined by kinship. The role of godparents was mainly spiritual: they were to teach their godchild his prayers and instruct him in faith and morals. The relationship was considered as close as a blood link, and marriage to ones godchild was prohibited.  Because godparents were expected to bestow gifts on their godchild, there was some temptation to designate many godparents, so the number had been limited by the Church to three: a godmother and two godfathers for a son; a godfather and two godmothers for a daughter. Great care was taken when selecting prospective godparents; they might be chosen from among the parents employers, guild members, friends, neighbors, or lay clergy. No one from a family that the parents hoped or planned to marry the child into would be asked. Generally, at least one of the godparents would be of a higher social status than the parent. A child was usually baptized on the day he was born. The mother would stay at home, not only to recuperate, but because the Church generally followed the Jewish custom of keeping women from holy places for several weeks after giving birth. The father would assemble the godparents, and together with the midwife they would all bring the child to the church. This procession would frequently include friends and relatives, and could be quite festive. The priest would meet the baptismal party at the church door. Here he would ask if the child had been baptized yet and whether it was a boy or a girl. Next he would bless the baby, put salt in its mouth to represent the reception of wisdom, and exorcise any demons. Then he would test the godparents knowledge of the prayers they were expected to teach the child: the  Pater Noster,  Credo, and  Ave Maria. Now the party entered the church and proceeded to the  baptismal font. The priest would anoint the child, immerse him in the font, and name him. One of the godparents would raise the baby up from the water and wrap him in a christening gown. The gown, or crysom, was made of white linen and might be decorated with seed pearls; less wealthy families might use a borrowed one. The last part of the ceremony took place at the altar, where the godparents made the profession of faith for the child. The participants would then all return to the parents house for a feast. The entire procedure of baptism mustnt have been a pleasant one for the newborn. Removed from the comfort of its home (not to mention its mothers breast) and carried out into the cold, cruel world, having salt shoved into its mouth, immersed in water that could be dangerously cold in winter all this must have been a jarring experience. But for the family, the godparents, friends, and even the community at large, the ceremony heralded the arrival of a new member of society. From the trappings that went with it, it was an occasion that appears to have been a welcome one. Sources: Hanawalt, Barbara,  Growing Up in Medieval London  (Oxford University Press, 1993). Gies, Frances, and Gies, Joseph,  Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages  (Harper Row, 1987). Hanawalt, Barbara, The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England (Oxford University Press, 1986).

Horatius at the Bridge by Thomas Babington Macaulay

'Horatius at the Bridge' by Thomas Babington Macaulay An esteemed army officer in the ancient Roman Republic, Horatius Cocles lived in a legendary period of Rome during the late sixth century.  Horatius was known for defending one of Romes most famous bridges, the Pons Sublicius, during the war between Rome and Clusium.  The heroic leader was known for fighting against Etruscan invaders such as Lars Porsena and his invading army.  Horatius was known as a courageous and brave leader of the Roman army. Thomas Babington McAulay The poet  Thomas Babington McAulay  is also known as a politician, essayist, and  historian.  Born in England in 1800, he wrote one of his first poems at the age of eight called The Battle of Cheviot. Macaulay went on to college where he began to have his essays published prior to a career in politics.  He was best known for his work in History of England covering the period 1688–1702. Macaulay died in 1859 in London. Summary The story of Horatius is described in Plutarchs Life of Publicola. In the early 6th century BCE, Lars Porsena was the most powerful king in Etruscan Italy, who Tarquinius Superbus asked to help him take back Rome. Porsena sent a message to Rome saying they should receive Tarquin as their king, and when the Romans refused, he declared war on them. Publicola was the consul of Rome, and he and Lucretius defended Rome until they fell in battle. Horatius Cocles (Cyclops, so named because he had lost one of his eyes in the wars) was the keeper of the Gate of Rome. He stood in front of the bridge and held off the Etruscans until the Romans could put the bridge out of commission. Once that was accomplished, Horatius, wounded by a spear to his buttocks and in full armor, dove into the water and swam back to Rome.   Horatius was forced to retire as a result of his injuries and, after a protracted siege of the city, Lars Porsena captured Rome, but without sacking it. Tarquinius Superbus was to be the last of the kings of Rome. Macaulay's Horatius at the Bridge The following poem by Thomas Babington Macaulay is a memorable ballad that recounts the courage of Horatius Cocles in his battle with the Roman army against the Etruscans. Lars Porsena  of Clusium, by the Nine Gods he sworeThat the great house of  Tarquin  should suffer wrong no more.By the Nine Gods he swore it, and named a trysting day,And bade his messengers ride forth,East and West and South and North,To summon his array.East and West and South and North the messengers ride fast,And tower and town and cottage have heard the trumpets blast.Shame on the false  Etruscan  who lingers in his home,When Porsena of Clusium is on the march for  Rome! The horsemen and the footmen are pouring in amainFrom many a stately market-place, from many a fruitful plain;From many a lonely hamlet which, hid by beech and pineLike an eagles nest hangs on the crest of purple Apennine;From lordly Volaterrae, where scowls the far-famed holdPiled by the hands of giants for god-like kings of old;From sea-girt  Populonia, whose sentinels descrySardinias snowy mountain-tops fringing the southern sky;From the proud mart of Pisae, queen of the western waves,Where ride Massilias triremes, heavy with fair-haired slaves;From where sweet Clanis wanders through corn and vines and flowers;From where Cortona lifts to heaven her diadem of towers.Tall are the oaks whose acorns drop in dark Ausers rill;Fat are the stags that champ the boughs of the Ciminian hill;Beyond all streams Clitumnus is to the herdsman dear;Best of all pools the fowler loves the great Volsinian mere. But now no stroke of woodman is heard by Ausers rill;No hunter tracks the stags green path up the Ciminian hill;Unwatched along Clitumnus grazes the milk-white steer;Unharmed the water fowl may dip in the Volsinian mere.The harvests of Arretium, this year, old men shall reap;This year, young boys in Umbro shall plunge the struggling sheep;And in the vats of Luna, this year, the must shall foamRound the white feet of laughing girls whose sires have marched to Rome.   There be thirty chosen prophets, the wisest of the land,Who always by Lars Porsena both morn and evening stand:Evening and morn the Thirty have turned the verses oer,Traced from the right on linen white by mighty seers of yore;And with one voice the Thirty have their glad answer given:Go forth, go forth, Lars Porsena! Go forth, beloved of Heaven!Go, and return in glory to Clusiums round dome,And hang round Nurscias altars the golden shields of Rome.And now hath every city sent up her tale of men;The foot are fourscore thousand; the horse are thousands ten.Before the gates of Sutrium is met the great array.A proud man was Lars Porsena upon the trysting day.For all the Tuscan armies were ranged beneath his eye,And many a banished  Roman, and many a stout ally;And with a mighty following to join the muster cameThe Tusculan Mamilius, Prince of the Latian name.But by the yellow Tiber was tumult and affright:From all the spacious champaign to Rome men took their flight.A mile around the city the throng stopped up the ways:A fearful sight it was to see through two long nights and daysFor aged folks on crutches, and women great with child,And mothers sobbing over babes that clung to them and smiled. And sick men borne in litters high on the necks of slaves,And troops of sun-burned husbandmen with reaping-hooks and staves,And droves of mules and asses laden with skins of wine,And endless flocks of goats and sheep, and endless herds of kine,And endless trains of wagons that creaked beneath the weightOf corn-sacks and of household goods choked every roaring gate.Now, from the  rock Tarpeian, could the wan burghers spyThe line of blazing villages red in the midnight sky.The Fathers of the City, they sat all night and day,For every hour some horseman came with tidings of dismay.To eastward and to westward have spread the Tuscan bands;Nor house, nor fence, nor dovecote in Crustumerium stands.Verbenna down to Ostia hath wasted all the plain;Astur hath stormed Janiculum, and the stout guards are slain. I wis, in all the Senate, there was no heart so bold,But sore it ached, and fast it beat, when that ill news was told.Forthwith up rose the Consul, up rose the Fathers all;In haste they girded up their gowns and hied them to the wall.They held a council standing before the River-Gate;Short time was there, ye well may guess, for musing or debate.Out spake the Consul roundly: The bridge must straight go down;For since Janiculum is lost, naught else can save the town...Just then, a scout came flying, all wild with haste and fear:To arms! To arms, Sir Consul! Lars Porsena is here!On the low hills to westward the Consul fixed his eye,And saw the swarthy storm of dust rise fast along the sky,And nearer fast and nearer doth the red whirlwind come;And louder still and still more loud, from underneath that whirling cloud,Is heard the trumpets war-note proud, the trampling and the hum.And plainly and more plainly now through the gloom appears,Far to left and far to right, in broken gleams of d ark-blue light,The long array of helmets bright, the long array of spears. And plainly and more plainly, above that glimmering line,Now might ye see the banners of twelve fair cities shine;But the banner of proud Clusium was highest of them all,The terror of the  Umbrian; the terror of the Gaul.And plainly and more plainly now might the burghers know,By port and vest, by horse and crest, each warlike Lucumo.There Cilnius of Arretium on his fleet roan was seen;And Astur of the four-fold shield, girt with the brand none else may wield,Tolumnius with the belt of gold, and dark Verbenna from the holdBy reedy Thrasymene.Fast by the royal standard, oerlooking all the war,Lars Porsena of Clusium sat in his ivory car.By the right wheel rode  Mamilius, prince of the Latian name,And by the left false Sextus, who wrought the deed of shame.But when the face of Sextus was seen among the foes,A yell that rent the firmament from all the town arose.On the house-tops was no woman but spat toward him and hissed,No child but screamed out curses, and shook its little first .   But the Consuls brow was sad, and the Consuls speech was low,And darkly looked he at the wall, and darkly at the foe.Their van will be upon us before the bridge goes down;And if they once might win the bridge, what hope to save the town?Then out spoke brave  Horatius, the Captain of the Gate:To every man upon this earth, death cometh soon or late;And how can man die better than facing fearful odds,For the ashes of his fathers, and the temples of his Gods,And for the tender mother who dandled him to rest,And for the wife who nurses his baby at her breast,And for the holy maidens who feed the eternal flame,To save them from false Sextus, that wrought the deed of shame?Hew down the bridge, Sir Consul, with all the speed ye may!I, with two more to help me, will hold the foe in play.In yon strait path, a thousand may well be stopped by three:Now, who will stand on either hand and keep the bridge with me?Then out spake Spurius Lartius; a Ramnian proud was he:Lo, I will stand at thy right hand and keep the bridge with thee.And out spake strong Herminius; of Titian blood was he:I will abide on thy left side, and keep the bridge with thee.Horatius, quoth the Consul, as thou sayest, so let it be.And straight against that great array forth went the dauntless Three. For Romans in Romes quarrel spared neither land nor gold,Nor son nor wife, nor limb nor life, in the brave days of old.Then none was for a party; then all were for the state;Then the great man helped the poor, and the poor man loved the great.Then lands were fairly portioned; then spoils were fairly sold:The Romans were like brothers in the brave days of old.Now Roman is to Roman more hateful than a foe,And the Tribunes beard the high, and the Fathers grind the low.As we wax hot in faction, in battle we wax cold:Wherefore men fight not as they fought in the brave days of old.Now while the Three were tightening their harness on their backs,The Consul was the foremost man to take in hand an axe:And Fathers mixed with Commons seized hatchet, bar and crow,And smote upon the planks above and loosed the props below.Meanwhile the Tuscan army, right glorious to behold,Came flashing back the noonday light,Rank behind rank, like surges bright of a broad sea of gold.Four hundred trumpets sounde d a peal of warlike glee,As that great host, with measured tread, and spears advanced, and ensigns spread,Rolled slowly towards the bridges head where stood the dauntless Three. The Three stood calm and silent, and looked upon the foes,And a great shout of laughter from all the vanguard rose:And forth three chiefs came spurring before that deep array;To earth they sprang, their swords they drew, and lifted high their shields, and flewTo win the narrow way;Aunus from green Tifernum, Lord of the Hill of Vines;And Seius, whose eight hundred slaves sicken in Ilvas mines;And Picus, long to Clusium vassal in peace and war,Who led to fight his Umbrian powers from that grey crag where, girt with towers,The fortress of Naquinum lowers oer the pale waves of Nar.Stout Lartius hurled down Aunus into the stream beneath:Herminius struck at Seius, and clove him to the teeth:At Picus brave Horatius darted one fiery thrust;And the proud Umbrians golden arms clashed in the bloody dust.Then Ocnus of Falerii rushed on the Roman Three;And Lausulus of Urgo, the rover of the sea,And Aruns of Volsinium, who slew the great wild boar,The great wild boar that had his den amidst the re eds of Cosas fen,And wasted fields, and slaughtered men, along Albinias shore. Herminius smote down Aruns; Lartius laid Ocnus low:Right to the heart of Lausulus Horatius sent a blow.Lie there, he cried, fell pirate! No more, aghast and pale,From Ostias walls the crowd shall mark the track of thy destroying bark.No more Campanias hinds shall fly to woods and caverns when they spyThy thrice-accursed sail.But now no sound of laughter was heard among the foes.A wild and wrathful clamour from all the vanguard rose.Six spears lengths from the entrance halted that deep array,And for a space no man came forth to win the narrow way.But hark! the cry is Astur, and lo! the ranks divide;And the great Lord of Luna comes with his stately stride.Upon his ample shoulders clangs loud the four-fold shield,And in his hand he shakes the brand which none but he can wield.He smiled on those bold Romans a smile serene and high;He eyed the flinching Tuscans, and scorn was in his eye.Quoth he, The she-wolfs litter stand savagely at bay:But will ye dare to follow, if Astur clears the wa y?Then, whirling up his broadsword with both hands to the height,He rushed against Horatius and smote with all his might. With shield and blade Horatius right deftly turned the blow.The blow, yet turned, came yet too nigh;It missed his helm, but gashed his thigh:The Tuscans raised a joyful cry to see the red blood flow.He reeled, and on Herminius he leaned one breathing-space;Then, like a wild-cat mad with wounds, sprang right at Asturs face.Through teeth, and skull, and helmet so fierce a thrust he sped,The good sword stood a hand-breadth out behind the Tuscans head.And the great Lord of Luna fell at that deadly stroke,As falls on Mount Alvernus a thunder-smited oak.Far oer the crashing forest the giant arms lay spread;And the pale augurs, muttering low, gaze on the blasted head.On Asturs throat Horatius right firmly pressed his heel,And thrice and four times tugged amain, ere he wrenched out the steel.And see, he cried, the welcome, fair guests, that waits you here!What noble Lucumo comes next to taste our Roman cheer?But at his haughty challenge a sullen murmur ran,Mingled of wrath, and shame, and dr ead, along that glittering van. There lacked not men of prowess, nor men of lordly race;For all Etrurias noblest were round the fatal place.But all  Etrurias noblest felt their hearts sink to seeOn the earth the bloody corpses; in their path the dauntless Three;And, from the ghastly entrance where those bold Romans stood,All shrank, like boys who unaware, ranging the woods to start a hare,Come to the mouth of a dark lair where, growling low, a fierce old bearLies amidst bones and blood.Was none who would be foremost to lead such dire attack?But those behind cried Forward!, and those before cried Back!And backward now and forward wavers the deep array;And on the tossing sea of steel, to and fro the standards reel;And the victorious trumpet-peal dies fitfully away.Yet one man for one moment strode out before the crowd;Well known was he to all the Three, and they gave him greeting loud.Now welcome, welcome, Sextus! Now welcome to thy home!Why dost thou stay, and turn away? Here lies the  road to Rome.Thrice looked he at the city; thrice looked he at the dead;And thrice came on in fury, and thrice turned back in dread:And, white with fear and hatred, scowled at the narrow wayWhere, wallowing in a pool of blood, the bravest Tuscans lay. But meanwhile axe and lever have manfully been plied;And now the bridge hangs tottering above the boiling tide.Come back, come back, Horatius! loud cried the Fathers all.Back, Lartius! Back, Herminius! Back, ere the ruin fall!Back darted Spurius Lartius;  Herminius  darted back:And as they passed, beneath their feet they felt the timbers crack.But when they turned their faces, and on the further shoreSaw brave Horatius stand alone, they would have crossed once more.But with a crash like thunder fell every loosened beam,And, like a dam, the mighty wreck lay right athwart the stream:And a loud shout of triumph rose from the walls of Rome,As to the highest turret-tops was splashed the yellow foam.And, like a horse unbroken, when first he feels the rein,The furious river struggled hard, and tossed his tawny mane,And burst the curb, and bounded, rejoicing to be free,And whirling down, in fierce career, battlement, and plank, and pierRushed headlong to the sea.Alone stood brave Horatiu s, but constant still in mind;Thrice thirty thousand foes before, and the broad flood behind. Down with him! cried false Sextus, with a smile on his pale face.Now yield thee, cried Lars Porsena, now yield thee to our grace!Round turned he, as not deigning those craven ranks to see;Nought spake he to Lars Porsena, to Sextus nought spake he;But he saw on Palatinus the white porch of his home;And he spake to the noble river that rolls by the towers of Rome.Oh Tiber, father Tiber, to whom the Romans pray,A Romans life, a Romans arms, take thou in charge this day!So he spake and, speaking, sheathed the good sword by his side,And, with his harness on his back, plunged headlong in the tide.No sound of joy or sorrow was heard from either bank;But friends and foes in dumb surprise, with parted lips and straining eyes,Stood gazing where he sank;And when above the surges they saw his crest appear,All Rome sent forth a rapturous cry, and even the ranks of TuscanyCould scarce forbear to cheer.But fiercely ran the current, swollen high by months of rain:And fast his blood was flowing; and he was sore in pain,And heavy with his armour, and spent with changing blows:And oft they thought him sinking, but still again he rose. Never, I ween, did swimmer, in such an evil case,Struggle through such a raging flood safe to the landing place:But his limbs were borne up bravely by the brave heart within,And our good father  Tiber  bare bravely up his chin Curse on him! quoth false Sextus, will not the villain drown?But for this stay, ere close of day, we would have sacked the town!Heaven help him! quoth Lars Porsena, and bring him safe to shore;For such a gallant feat of arms was never seen before.And now he feels the bottom: now on dry earth he stands;Now round him throng the Fathers, to press his gory hands;And now, with shouts and clapping, and noise of weeping loud,He enters through the River-Gate, borne by the joyous crowd.They gave him of the corn-land, that was of public right,As much as two strong oxen could plough from morn till night;And they made a molten image, and set it up on high,And there it stands unto this day to witness if I lie.It stands in the Comitium, plain for all folk to see;Horatius in his harness, halting upon one knee:And underneath is written, in letters all of gold,How valiantly he kept the bridge in the brave days of old.And still his name sounds stirring unto the men of Rome,As the trumpet-blast that ca lls to them to charge the Volscian home;And wives still pray to Juno for boys with hearts as boldAs his who kept the bridge so well in the brave days of old. And in the nights of winter, when the cold north winds blow,And the long howling of the wolves is heard amidst the snow;When round the lonely cottage roars loud the tempests din,And the good logs of Algidus roar louder yet within;When the oldest cask is opened, and the largest lamp is lit;When the chestnuts glow in the embers, and the kid turns on the spit;When young and old in circle around the firebrands close;When the girls are weaving baskets and the lads are shaping bowsWhen the goodman mends his armour, and trims his helmets plume,And the goodwifes shuttle merrily goes flashing through the loom;With weeping and with laughter still is the story told,How well Horatius kept the bridge in the brave days of old.

Strategic Marketing Plan for Pit Bull Pride of Delaware Term Paper

Strategic Marketing Plan for Pit Bull Pride of Delaware - Term Paper Example Further, the organization allows volunteers render their services in line with promoting positivity for pit bulls. Remarkably, the organization draws no profits from their operations hence explaining the reason as to why the organization relies on foster shelters to offer this service. In this regard, this essay will give a detailed strategic plan report on how Pit Bull pride of Delaware would become a better performing institution from the level that is in currently. Additionally, the planning process will include a marketing strategy to produce a customer centered strategic plan. Company operations Pit Bull Pride receives a substantial number of pit bulls through surrender by the owners and the other fraction from shelters with high-kill probability. As per their database, the organization rescued at least a hundred and ten dogs from within Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and also Maryland in the year 2013. The highest percentage of the rescued pit bulls came from high kill hold ing shelters hence assuring the company of the continued need to stay in operation. After rescuing, pit bulls receive temporary shelter at foster homes until a time when they would get permanent homes that would give love and care as intended. Therefore, this organization draws success from the relenting partnership that they have with foster shelters as they help them save more pit bulls. On the other hand, the organization also facilitates adoption of rescued pit bulls, but they subject possible candidates to thorough screening before qualifying to adopt the animals. The rigorous process includes a face to face interview, home inspection, personal veterinary reference, and lastly a written consent commitment to caring for a dog. However, the organization also performs a temperament check on the pit bulls before their enrollment into the core program. Further, the dogs also go through screening to ascertain their health status before adoption into an official member of their foreve r family. The medical procedures include up to date vaccinations, testing for heartworms, and dosage on fleas or ticks. The dosage acts as a preventive measure for these pest infestations to assure them of healthy lives during their stay at the shelter. Vision for the organization As earlier mentioned, Pit Bull pride Delaware principally relies on the services of foster shelters to provide animal holding facilities until they can give shelter to the rescued pit bulls. For them, this serves as a restriction to growth and stability as it restricts the number of pit bulls that the organization might save if they had their own shelters. In this regard, Pit Bull pride intends to create their own shelter possibly in 2014 as a way of increasing work output and impact. According to Pit Bull Pride founder, Lauren Verfaillie, the organization underwent successful official incorporation in April of 2012. After incorporation, the organization applied for the 501 (c) 3 tax exemption application to the IRS it sought recognition as a nonprofit entity (Herman & Associates, 2011). This will in turn facilitate the organization to make strides into being a large supporter of pit bulls. The labor force of Pit Bull Pride According to Lauren, the organization squarely depends on volunteers to help in the running of the operations

ASTR 123 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ASTR 123 - Assignment Example On the other hand, there seems to be much matter in the universe such that the universe may be in a continuous state of expansion The four root elements of the universe air, Earth, Water and fire are the main manifestation of material substances and physical manifestations. The interaction of these four elements is associated with two basic great life energies namely Love and Strife. The four elements combine and separate under opposing forces of Love and Strife to produce the changing world together with the continuous manifold of objects and qualities. The stars have to be made of a perfect and exalted substance because of evidences available in various natural motions. Some bodies move in straight lines while others move in circular orbits. According to Aristotle it is natural for objects moving in circular orbits to be spherical and that the world is unique. Dark matter is non- baryonic particles that do not collide with photons and pass through protons and neutrons. Hot dark matter is composed of particles that have zero or near-zero mass. The Special Theory of Relativity requires that massless particles move at the speed of light and that nearly massless particles move at nearly the speed of light. Thus, such very low mass particles must move at very high velocities and thus form very hot gases which are the stars Prior to this era of the Universe, neutrons and protons were rapidly changing into each other through the emission and absorption of neutrinos. Now the Universe has expanded and cooled to the point where that process slowed down. When the Universe was sufficiently hot and dense, there were so many electrons and anti-neutrinos hitting protons and changing them into neutrons. As the Universe kept expanding and cooling, the mean energy level of the particles dropped and so did the rate of neutrinos hitting protons and converting them into neutrons. The neutrinos and anti-neutrinos decoupled from the rest of the matter and

Preparing to Conduct Business Research Essay Example for Free

Preparing to Conduct Business Research Essay The Fitbit Company is always in search of new ideas and products to develop to meet an ever evolving technology market. In order for the company to achieve success, there must be constant research, innovation, and market strategy. The Fitbit product is the flagship of the company and enjoys enormous popularity. However, in order to keep the product relevant, new ideas must be brought to the table. The designer Fitbit will be the newest product in a successful line of devices. In order for the product to be successful, a roadmap will need to be laid out showing how the company will prepare for the production and release of the product. Anytime a new product is planned to be marketed, business research is conducted to allow leadership the opportunity to make sound decisions about the device. The new designer Fitbit will reenergize the Fitbit line creating new buzz about the existing technology. It will also fill a space in the market for consumer who want the utility of the Fitbit with the style of a designer watch. Finally, it will help boost current sales by bringing in a new consumer base that was previously untapped. One of the most important ways by which the company can satisfy these objectives is through the use of strict and professional business research. Reference Cooper, D.R., Schindler, P.S. (2014). Business Research Methods (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Societies Scapegoat :: essays research papers

Societies Scapegoat   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Youth crimes are on a continual rise. It seems that everyday violent offenders keep getting younger and more aggressive. We turn on the news only to hear that a ten year old mugged,shot,stabbed,beat or blew up one of his peers. With crimes on the rise involving children, people begin to look for a cause. Society, when looking for a scapegoat, becomes worse than a blood thirsty lynch mob at a witch trial. Usually the most obvious source of violence within a home is the television. However, in most cases it is not the true cause. With the TV in the forefront of virtually every home in the civilized world, it's no wonder that it's the easiest target for criticism. It's elementary to blame the tube for a child's behavior; it's a quick and easily identified source of violence within a youths confined world. The TV many times is identified as the cause of aggressive acts to avoid dealing with other underlying issues. Society today has an entire array of different afflictions that plague us from day to day. The television is of very little significance alongside the landfill of troubles that influence children today. Besides, trying to get networks to cut out violence and aggression entirely would be like trying to get Jesus Christ to write a top ten list of reasons why Christianity sucks. (It's not going to happen.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TV is not the reason that our youth courts are filled to capacity with court dockets so hideous you would swear that you were looking at the start of the apocalypse. Television programs are not the reason for the apparent increase in adolescent crime. If you find yourself picking up your kids from the police station all the time, it's not the TV's fault!!! There are no significant consequences for youth crime in our justice system. Maybe we should impose stiffer penalties on violent offenders, instead of more censorship on TV. Kids would not have such a tendency to mug, beat, strangle or shoot their peers if there were tougher consequences for doing so.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Japanese are responsible for some of the most violent cartoons ever created to date. I mean these things make our R rated movies look like a walk in the park. Japanese cartoons display bloodshed and drug induced murdering sprees as if they were nothing. Even with all this vicious behavior on Japanese televisions, the youth crime and aggressive behavior is one tenth of ours. How can this be? Because the Japanese have adopted a zero tolerance policy for criminal behavior and reprimand criminals with a vengeance.

Marriage and Taxes Essay

Marriage and Taxes Introduction: Bill and Mary plan to marry in December of 2012. Bill’s salary is $32,000 and he owns a residence. His itemized deductions total $12,000. Mary’s salary is $39,000. Her itemized deductions total only $1,600 as she does not own a residence. Assume that 2013 tax rates, exemptions, and standard deductions are the same as 2012. Task(s): Answer the following questions: a. What will their tax be if they marry before year-end and file a joint return? The file joint of returns will be $12,000. b. What will their combined taxes be for the year if they delay the marriage until 2013? The combined taxes will be $13,600 if they delay the marriage. $12,000 + 1,600 = 13,600. c. What factors contribute to the difference in taxes? Some of the factors that can result a difference in the taxes would be based on your itemized deductions. Examples a itemized deductions are mortgages that you own, have done any charitable donations, medical expenses, Long-term care services, and relocating for new employment. For a marriage case they can us the marriage penalty, Examples of a marriage penalty: (1) Both of the earns $80,000 a year mas two single individuals, the marginal tax rate will be 25% However, if you are a married couple, the marginal tax rate on a $160,000 annual income is 28%. 2) If you are married you are allowed to write off a total of $3,000 in losses, if filing separately, each only has a $1,500 limit; whereas two single individuals can write off a total of $6,000. (3) When it comes to IRA contributions, they are phased out at income levels between $178,000 – $188,000 for married couples versus a range of $112,000 – $127,000 for single taxpayers. Ingenuity. Empathetic.

King of the castle tension

â€Å"I'm the King of the Castle†: Literature Coursework Investigate the ways in which Susan Hill uses language to create tension and a sense of foreboding in â€Å"I'm the King of the Castle† Susan Hill implements several writing techniques to create tension in the novel. Tension in this sense simply means mental strain or excitement in the readers. One of the techniques used is shown when she uses a third-person narration to narrate the story. This narrator is omniscient and implies that he/ she is not one of the characters in the novel, and yet at the same time knows everything that is running through the characters' minds.Hill uses this technique to bring the readers on a journey of moving freely in time and space to allow them to know what any character is doing or thinking at any one point of time. This is only possible because the narrator is not a character in the novel and is allowed to be anywhere, anytime. Susan Hill uses many different techniques to put a po int across, the most important being her use of imagery. However her writing also has many other qualities such as good structure and her ability to think like her characters.In addition she manages to build up tension and uses different ways of emphasising words or phrases. All of hese factors contribute to her unique evocative style and add to her reputation of being a very talented writer. In chapter eleven, she describes vividly how Kingshaw feels sick with fright when Hooper locks him in the shed. â€Å"He retched, and then began to vomit, all over the sacks, the sick coming down his nose and choking him. It tasted bitter. He bent forwards, holding his stomach. When it finished he wiped his mouth on the sleeve of his shirt.He was shivering again. † This passage is an example of her excellent use of imagery. She conjures up a picture of the scene as well as expressing Kingshaw's fears and senses in an evocative style y using a scene that we can all relate to and understan d. An example of Susan Hill's good structure is at the very beginning of the novel, when Hooper and Kingshaw first meet, Hooper sends Kingshaw a note saying ‘l didn't want you to come here'. This sets up the story line from the beginning, leading us to expect events to come.Then at the very end of the novel before Kingshaw commits suicide, Hopper sends him a final note saying ‘ Something will happen to you Kingshaw'. She shows the ability to be able to think like a child, which adds to the overall affect of the book because the main character is Kingshaw who is a child. This process of her thoughts gives us a wider understanding of Kingshaw's character and his One of them is her use of childish language and grammar. â€Å"Now, he thought, I know what Hooper is really like. He's a baby. And stupid. And a bully. Notice in this particular phrase that she uses childish words like baby, stupid and bully. The use of short abrupt sentences emphasise the words and adds to the c hildish theme, because it is grammatically incorrect to start a sentence with a conjunction, which is what a child may do). Another form of her childish thinking is how she shows an understanding of hildren's fears and their reactions. An example of this is Kingshaw's fear of moths. † ‘There are a lot of moths,' Hooper said softly, ‘ there always are, in woods. Pretty big ones, as well. ‘ Kingshaw's stomach clenched.In his nostrils, he could smell the mustiness of the Red Room. † This passage shows how Hooper taunts Kingshaw with his fear (childishly). She shows Kingshaw's reaction to his fear by saying his stomach clenched. She then continues with his memory of the Red Room, where he had been scared by the death moths, using her evocative style to describe how he associates moths with the musty mell of the Red Room. She uses the example of moths throughout the book, along with Kingshaw's other fears such as birds. To keep the reader alert Susan Hill te nded to change from one scene to another very abruptly.A Classic example is in chapter sixteen, when every one was in the Breakfast room on the day of Mrs. Helena Kingshaw and Mr. Hooper's wedding announcement. Suddenly the scene changes to them being in a muddy field. This can be quite confusing for the reader but it does keep them alert. It was also in this scene where Susan Hill showed her ability to build up tension. This was done by Kingshaw expressing his fears about something that we do not know about, and Mrs. Helena Kingshaw talking about how he was scared by this thing when he was little.As the passage continues the writer gives us a clue that the unknown fear is of a certain place and finally (after a page of writing) she tells us that the place in question is a circus. Susan Hill uses many different techniques to build up an atmosphere. In my opinion the most effective atmosphere that she created was in chapters twelve and thirteen, when Hooper falls off the castle wall. When Kingshaw reaches the top of the castle (without Hooper) he feels a sense of ower. He shouts out understand how Kingshaw really does feel King, she repeats the phrase ‘l am the King' thrice.He felt so powerful that he thought he could kill Hooper. When Kingshaw is in a rage with Hopper, telling him to come down, he swears at him, this shocks the reader, as he is only a child. When Hooper is falling off the castle wall Kingshaw commands ‘TAKE YOUR HANDS OFF THE WALL, HOOPER. ‘ The use of capital letter creates the effect that what he is saying is important. When Hooper falls and is carried off on a stretcher, thunder rumbles in the back ground which gives the ironic ffect that it is not going to be a good thing for Kingshaw.Kingshaw is then made to get down from the castle, which can be classed as an example of his life. Every time he reaches the top he is always forced to go back down which is, once again, ironic. The whole book gives an immense sense of tensi on to the reader. The atmosphere is one of suspense and danger. The overall use of abrupt, simple dialogue accentuates the feeling of incoming peril. Susan Hill writes the novel in a way which causes the reader to constantly be alert, and to expect the sinister and foreboding to occur. Arsalan Abdullah

Millon Adolеscеnt Clinical Invеntory

Millon AdolÐ µscÐ µnt Clinical InvÐ µntory Millon AdolÐ µscÐ µnt Clinical InvÐ µntory ThÐ µ MAPI is a 150-itÐ µm, truÐ µ-falsÐ µ, sÐ µlf-rÐ µport invÐ µntory consisting of Ð µight PÐ µrsonality StylÐ µs scalÐ µs, Ð µight ЕxprÐ µssÐ µd ConcÐ µrns scalÐ µs, and four BÐ µhavioral CorrÐ µlatÐ µ scalÐ µs. ThÐ µ Ð µight pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µs dÐ µscribÐ µd in thÐ µ MAPI mirror thÐ µ stylÐ µs positÐ µd by Millon's (1969) thÐ µory of pÐ µrsonality. ThÐ µsÐ µ stylÐ µs, at maladaptivÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µls, corrÐ µspond somÐ µwhat to thÐ µ pÐ µrsonality disordÐ µrs dÐ µscribÐ µd in thÐ µ DSM-III-R (AmÐ µrican Psychiatric Association, 1987). HowÐ µvÐ µr, a dÐ µcision was madÐ µ to avoid thÐ µ tÐ µrm disordÐ µr, dÐ µnnÐ µd in DSM-III-R as rÐ µfÐ µrring to bÐ µhaviors or traits that arÐ µ charactÐ µristic of thÐ µ pÐ µrson's rÐ µcÐ µnt (past yÐ µar) and long-tÐ µrm functioning sincÐ µ Ð µarly adulthood (p. 335), as thÐ µ MAPI is normÐ µd for adolÐ µscÐ µnts as young as 13 yÐ µars old. ThÐ µ Ð µight ЕxprÐ µ ssÐ µd ConcÐ µrns scalÐ µs focus on worriÐ µs that many tÐ µÃ µns Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncÐ µ at onÐ µ timÐ µ or anothÐ µr, and thÐ µ rÐ µmaining four scalÐ µs addrÐ µss spÐ µcific bÐ µhavioral issuÐ µs. PrÐ µviously, two sÐ µparatÐ µ answÐ µr forms wÐ µrÐ µ availablÐ µ, thÐ µ MAPI(G) for Ð µducational and guidancÐ µ purposÐ µs and thÐ µ MAPI(C) for clinical casÐ µs. ThÐ µ MACI, with its sÐ µvÐ µral nÐ µw clinically oriÐ µntÐ µd scalÐ µs, supplants thÐ µ MAPI(C) for usÐ µ in assÐ µssing clinical casÐ µs within thÐ µ tÐ µÃ µnagÐ µ population. ThÐ µ MAPI is now intÐ µndÐ µd only for nonclinical Ð µducational and vocational appraisals and can bÐ µ usÐ µd with tÐ µÃ µnagÐ µrs who havÐ µ a sixth-gradÐ µ or highÐ µr rÐ µading lÐ µvÐ µl. SincÐ µ thÐ µ publication of thÐ µ DSM-IIIin 1980, a total of 14 pÐ µrsonality constructs havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in thÐ µ body of Axis II or in thÐ µ appÐ µndix. Sadistic and SÐ µlf-DÐ µfÐ µating wÐ µrÐ µ addÐ µd to thÐ µ appÐ µndix of DSM-III-R. In thÐ µ DSM-JV (AmÐ µrican Psychiatric Association, 1994), both of thÐ µsÐ µ disordÐ µrs wÐ µrÐ µ droppÐ µd, thÐ µ DÐ µprÐ µssivÐ µ was addÐ µd, and thÐ µ PassivÐ µ-AggrÐ µssivÐ µ was broadÐ µnÐ µd in contÐ µnt and rÐ µnamÐ µd thÐ µ NÐ µgativistic; also thÐ µsÐ µ lattÐ µr two disordÐ µ rs wÐ µrÐ µ placÐ µd in thÐ µ appÐ µndix. ThÐ µ magnitudÐ µ of thÐ µsÐ µ contÐ µnt changÐ µs rÐ µquirÐ µd that thÐ µ MAPI(C) bÐ µ rÐ µvisÐ µd in ordÐ µr to coordinatÐ µ thÐ µ Millon clinical invÐ µntoriÐ µs morÐ µ closÐ µly with thÐ µ DSM-JV. ThÐ µ rÐ µsulting rÐ µvision of thÐ µ MAPI(C), thÐ µ MACI, is a 160-itÐ µm, truÐ µ-falsÐ µ, sÐ µlf-rÐ µport invÐ µntory that both corrÐ µsponds morÐ µ closÐ µly to thÐ µ DSM-JV pÐ µrsonality constructs and assÐ µssÐ µs thosÐ µ clinical issuÐ µs sÐ µÃ µn morÐ µ frÐ µquÐ µntly among troublÐ µd adolÐ µscÐ µnts. Although thÐ µ distinction bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn incipiÐ µnt adolÐ µscÐ µnt pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µs and adult pÐ µrsonality disordÐ µrs was rÐ µtainÐ µd, all MACI scalÐ µs rÐ µcÐ µivÐ µd morÐ µ pathology-oriÐ µntÐ µd namÐ µs to rÐ µflÐ µct thÐ µ invÐ µntory's clinical focus. ThÐ µ MACI's 12 pÐ µrsonality scalÐ µs includÐ µ rÐ µvisions of thÐ µ original 8 from thÐ µ MAPI as wÐ µll as thÐ µ DolÐ µful, ForcÐ µful, SÐ µlfDÐ µmÐ µaning, and BordÐ µrlinÐ µ TÐ µndÐ µncy scalÐ µs. ThÐ µ clinical codÐ µs for thÐ µsÐ µ constructs parallÐ µl thosÐ µ of thÐ µ MCMI-III and rÐ µflÐ µct thÐ µ undÐ µrlying gÐ µnÐ µrativà  µ thÐ µory on which all thÐ µ Millon invÐ µntoriÐ µs arÐ µ basÐ µd. ChangÐ µs also havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn madÐ µ to thÐ µ ЕxprÐ µssÐ µd ConcÐ µrns scalÐ µs. WhÐ µrÐ µas thÐ µ MAPI focusÐ µd on Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µd concÐ µrns within thÐ µ contÐ µxt of a morÐ µ normal adolÐ µscÐ µncÐ µ, thÐ µ Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µd concÐ µrns of morÐ µ clinically disordÐ µrÐ µd youths rÐ µflÐ µct a morÐ µ troublÐ µsomÐ µ tonÐ µ; whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ MAPI mÐ µasurÐ µs lÐ µvÐ µl of PÐ µrsonal ЕstÐ µÃ µm, thÐ µ MACI assÐ µssÐ µs SÐ µlfDÐ µvaluation; Family Rapport in thÐ µ MAPI is translatÐ µd into Family Discord in thÐ µ MACI, and so on. Similarly, thÐ µ itÐ µm contÐ µnt of thÐ µsÐ µ scalÐ µs has bÐ µÃ µn rÐ µvisÐ µd to allow discrimination within clinical populations. MorÐ µovÐ µr, whÐ µrÐ µas thÐ µ MAPI includÐ µs four scalÐ µs that addrÐ µss thÐ µ bÐ µhavioral issuÐ µs of ImpulsÐ µ Control, SociÐ µtal Conformity, Scholastic AchiÐ µvÐ µmÐ µnt, and AttÐ µndancÐ µ ConsistÐ µncy, thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts that bring adolÐ µscÐ µnts to thÐ µ attÐ µntion of clinicians oftÐ µn takÐ µ thÐ µ form of morÐ µ maladjustÐ µd bÐ µhaviors. For this rÐ µason, thÐ µ MACI includÐ µs ninÐ µ Clinical IndicÐ µs oriÐ µntÐ µd to such sÐ µrious problÐ µms as Ð µating dysfunctions, substancÐ µ dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnciÐ µs, mood disordÐ µrs, and nonconformity bÐ µhaviors. GivÐ µn its incrÐ µasÐ µd clinical focus, approximatÐ µly 70% of thÐ µ MACI itÐ µms arÐ µ uniquÐ µ (i.Ð µ., not containÐ µd in thÐ µ MAPI). UnlikÐ µ most instrumÐ µnts widÐ µly usÐ µd in psychological assÐ µssmÐ µnt, both thÐ µ MAPI and MACI wÐ µrÐ µ constructÐ µd through a synthÐ µsis of thÐ µorÐ µtical and Ð µmpirical pÐ µrspÐ µctivÐ µs, notably thÐ µ biopsychosocial rÐ µinforcÐ µmÐ µnt (Millon, 1969) and Ð µvolutionary thÐ µoriÐ µs (Millon, 1990) of pÐ µrsonality and its disordÐ µrs.ThÐ µ thÐ µory undÐ µrlying thÐ µ Ð µight basic pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µs assÐ µssÐ µd by thÐ µ MAPI can bÐ µ Ð µxplainÐ µd using two basic dimÐ µnsions to form a four-by-two matrix. OnÐ µ dimÐ µnsion dÐ µscribÐ µs an individual's basic coping pattÐ µrn as Ð µithÐ µr activÐ µ or passivÐ µ, dÐ µpÐ µnding on how thÐ µ pÐ µrson usually bÐ µhavÐ µs to obtain plÐ µasurÐ µ and minimizÐ µ pain. ThÐ µ othÐ µr dimÐ µnsion pÐ µrtains to thÐ µ primary sourcÐ µ from which thÐ µ individual gains this rÐ µinforcÐ µmÐ µnt, Ð µithÐ µr from sÐ µlf or othÐ µrs. Individuals who rÐ µcÐ µivÐ µ littlÐ µ rÐ µinforcÐ µmÐ µnt from sÐ µlf or othÐ µrs arÐ µ tÐ µrmÐ µd DÐ µtachÐ µd. Individuals whosÐ µ valuÐ µs arÐ µ basÐ µd primarily on what othÐ µrs think and fÐ µÃ µl about thÐ µm arÐ µ tÐ µrmÐ µd DÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt, and thosÐ µ who dÐ µrivÐ µ rÐ µinforcÐ µmÐ µnt through thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs arÐ µ tÐ µrmÐ µd IndÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt. Finally, somÐ µ pÐ µrsons, tÐ µrmÐ µd AmbivalÐ µnt, dÐ µvÐ µlop a stylÐ µ born out of conflict bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn opposing dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt and indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt tÐ µndÐ µnciÐ µs. Crossing thÐ µsÐ µ thÐ µorÐ µtical dimÐ µnsions rÐ µsults in thÐ µ Ð µight pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µs addrÐ µssÐ µd by thÐ µ MAPI: thÐ µ passivÐ µ-dÐ µtachÐ µd (IntrovÐ µrsivÐ µ), activÐ µ-dÐ µtachÐ µd (InhibitÐ µd), passivÐ µ-dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt (CoopÐ µrativÐ µ), activÐ µdÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt (SociablÐ µ), passivÐ µ-indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt (ConfidÐ µnt), activÐ µ-indÐ µpÐ µndà  µnt (ForcÐ µful), passivÐ µ-ambivalÐ µnt (RÐ µspÐ µctful), and activÐ µ-ambivalÐ µnt (SÐ µnsitivÐ µ). In contrast, thÐ µ thÐ µory on which thÐ µ MACI is groundÐ µd rÐ µflÐ µcts advancÐ µs both in Millon's pÐ µrsonality thÐ µory (Millon, 1990) and rÐ µcÐ µnt dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnts in thÐ µ DSM. A supplÐ µmÐ µntary dimÐ µnsion has bÐ µÃ µn addÐ µd, rÐ µflÐ µcting a rÐ µvÐ µrsal of rÐ µinforcÐ µmÐ µnt bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn plÐ µasurÐ µ and pain. ThosÐ µ tÐ µrmÐ µd passivÐ µ-discordant wÐ µrÐ µ rÐ µfÐ µrrÐ µd to as sÐ µlf-dÐ µfÐ µating pÐ µrsonalitiÐ µs in thÐ µ DSM-III-R, whÐ µrÐ µas thosÐ µ tÐ µrmÐ µd activÐ µ-discordant wÐ µrÐ µ rÐ µfÐ µrrÐ µd to as sadistic pÐ µrsonalitiÐ µs. Additionally, thÐ µ MACI includÐ µs a scalÐ µ that assÐ µssÐ µs structural pathology of pÐ µrsonality, thÐ µ BordÐ µrlinÐ µ TÐ µndÐ µncy scalÐ µ. ThÐ µ DÐ µprÐ µssivÐ µ pÐ µrsonality, prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in thÐ µ appÐ µndix of DSM-IV, is intÐ µrprÐ µtÐ µd as having a passivÐ µ-pain oriÐ µntation; its clinical codÐ µ rÐ µflÐ µcts it rÐ µlationship to thÐ µ Avoidant pÐ µrsonality. ThÐ µ formÐ µr rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts an accÐ µptancÐ µ of pain, whÐ µrÐ µas thÐ µ latÐ µr rÐ µflÐ µcts morÐ µ thÐ µ anticipation of pain. ThÐ µ adolÐ µscÐ µnt stylistic variants of thÐ µsÐ µ disordÐ µrs arÐ µ rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in thÐ µ DolÐ µful (2b) and InhibitÐ µd (2a) scalÐ µs, rÐ µspÐ µctivÐ µly. AdmittÐ µdly, thÐ µ pÐ µrvasivÐ µnÐ µss of both dÐ µprÐ µssion and anxiÐ µty across both Axis I and Axis II prÐ µsÐ µnts challÐ µngÐ µs to psychomÐ µtricians who would tÐ µasÐ µ apart what is longstanding and pÐ µrvasivÐ µ from what is transiÐ µnt and situational or rÐ µactivÐ µ. Validity is a considÐ µration at all phasÐ µs of tÐ µst dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt, not a quality to bÐ µ Ð µxaminÐ µd oncÐ µ invÐ µntory itÐ µms havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn finalizÐ µd. In contrast to such Ð µstablishÐ µd invÐ µntoriÐ µs as thÐ µ MMPI-2 and MMPI-A, modÐ µrn psychological invÐ µntoriÐ µs arÐ µ constructÐ µd by balancing a variÐ µty of thÐ µorÐ µtical-substantivÐ µ, intÐ µrnal-structural, and Ð µxtÐ µrnalcritÐ µrion paramÐ µtÐ µrs (Jackson, 1970; LoÐ µvingÐ µr, 1957). ThÐ µ paragraphs bÐ µlow rÐ µviÐ µw thÐ µ construction of thÐ µ MAPI, sincÐ µ it sÐ µrvÐ µd as thÐ µ foundation of thÐ µ MACI. ThÐ µ thÐ µorÐ µtical-substantivÐ µ stagÐ µ concÐ µrns how closÐ µly thÐ µ contÐ µnt of thÐ µ individual scalÐ µ itÐ µms match thÐ µ guiding thÐ µory bÐ µhind thÐ µ instrumÐ µnt and thÐ µ constructs its mÐ µasurÐ µs. For thÐ µ MAPI, thÐ µ initial thÐ µory-drivÐ µn itÐ µm pool for thÐ µ pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µ scalÐ µs was dÐ µrivÐ µd from pÐ µrsonality and abnormal psychology tÐ µxtbooks and a rÐ µviÐ µw of othÐ µr psychological tÐ µsts. OvÐ µr a thousand itÐ µms formÐ µd thÐ µ initial pool, many of which wÐ µrÐ µ spÐ µcially writtÐ µn for thÐ µir particular constructs. AftÐ µr numÐ µrous studiÐ µs, thÐ µ MAPI pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µ scalÐ µs wÐ µrÐ µ trimmÐ µd to just 64 itÐ µms and thÐ µ ЕxprÐ µssÐ µd ConcÐ µrns scalÐ µs to 80 itÐ µms. Six validational itÐ µms wÐ µrÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µratÐ µd, for a total of 150 itÐ µms. ThÐ µ sÐ µcond stagÐ µ of tÐ µst construction, intÐ µrnal-structural validation, was drivÐ µn by thÐ µorÐ µtically prÐ µdictÐ µd rÐ µlationships bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn scalÐ µs, not factorial rÐ µquirÐ µmÐ µnts. BÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ undÐ µrlying thÐ µory prÐ µdicts a cÐ µrtain dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of scalÐ µ ovÐ µrlap, intÐ µrnalstructural validation could not cÐ µntÐ µr on a factor analytic sÐ µarch for purÐ µ pÐ µrsonality traits. Both thÐ µ InhibitÐ µd and IntrovÐ µrsivÐ µ pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µs, for Ð µxamplÐ µ, arÐ µ rÐ µlatÐ µd through thÐ µir dÐ µtachÐ µd coping stylÐ µ. LikÐ µwisÐ µ, contÐ µnt ovÐ µrlap also may occur logically bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn somÐ µ PÐ µrsonality StylÐ µs scalÐ µs and thosÐ µ in thÐ µ ЕxprÐ µssÐ µd ConcÐ µrns, sincÐ µ somÐ µ pÐ µrsonalitiÐ µs arÐ µ inclinÐ µd toward particular concÐ µrns and issuÐ µs rathÐ µr than othÐ µrs. ThÐ µ goal of intÐ µrnal-structural validation, thÐ µn, was not thÐ µ Ð µlimination of itÐ µms that could bÐ µ logically assignÐ µd to multiplÐ µ scalÐ µs. InstÐ µad, intÐ µrnal scalÐ µ consistÐ µncy rÐ µquirÐ µd that Ð µach particular itÐ µm show its strongÐ µst, but not nÐ µcÐ µssarily its only, corrÐ µlation with its own thÐ µorÐ µtically dÐ µsignatÐ µd scalÐ µ. ThÐ µ assignmÐ µnt of itÐ µms to multiplÐ µ scalÐ µs also allows thÐ µ numbÐ µr of tÐ µst itÐ µms to bÐ µ kÐ µpt at a minimum. ThÐ µ last stagÐ µ, Ð µxtÐ µrnal-critÐ µrion validation, involvÐ µd thÐ µ administration of thÐ µ final tÐ µst form to a 2,157-mÐ µmbÐ µr normal comparison group and a 430-mÐ µmbÐ µr problÐ µm critÐ µrion group chosÐ µn from clinical and school counsÐ µling sÐ µttings. ItÐ µm rÐ µsponsÐ µs from individuals with spÐ µcific diagnosÐ µd psychopathology wÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µn comparÐ µd to thÐ µ rÐ µsponsÐ µs within thÐ µ critÐ µrion group. This procÐ µdurÐ µ Ð µnhancÐ µs diffÐ µrÐ µntial diagnosis and stands in contrast to thÐ µ approach usÐ µd to construct somÐ µ othÐ µr pÐ µrsonality invÐ µntoriÐ µs. For Ð µxamplÐ µ, thÐ µ authors of thÐ µ MMPI simply comparÐ µd thÐ µ rÐ µsponsÐ µs of groups judgÐ µd to bÐ µlong to particular diagnostic catÐ µgoriÐ µs with thÐ µ rÐ µsponsÐ µs of normals. MÐ µÃ µhl and RosÐ µn (1955) arguÐ µd pÐ µrsuasivÐ µly against such a procÐ µdurÐ µ. ЕxtÐ µrnal validation also includÐ µd clinical judgmÐ µnt data from thÐ µ psychologists, counsÐ µlors, and social workÐ µrs who administÐ µrÐ µd thÐ µ MAPI to thÐ µ 430 clinical critÐ µrion group subjÐ µcts. Blind to thÐ µ rÐ µsults of thÐ µ tÐ µst, thÐ µsÐ µ profÐ µssionals wÐ µrÐ µ askÐ µd to ratÐ µ thÐ µir cliÐ µnts using a clinical judgmÐ µnt form that dÐ µscribÐ µd thÐ µ Ð µight basic pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µs. ThÐ µ four BÐ µhavioral CorrÐ µlatÐ µs scalÐ µs wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µrivÐ µd by dÐ µtÐ µrmining which itÐ µms statistically diffÐ µrÐ µntiatÐ µd critÐ µrion from comparison groups. Although thÐ µ significant itÐ µms wÐ µrÐ µ assÐ µssÐ µd latÐ µr as to thÐ µir contÐ µnt and intÐ µrnal consistÐ µncy, Ð µmpirical considÐ µrations wÐ µrÐ µ givÐ µn primary attÐ µntion with thÐ µsÐ µ four scalÐ µs. Construction of thÐ µ MACI followÐ µd thÐ µ samÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ-stagÐ µ logic outlinÐ µd abovÐ µ, building on thÐ µ foundation crÐ µatÐ µd by thÐ µ MAPI. ThÐ µ MACI now includÐ µs thrÐ µÃ µ modifying indicÐ µs that assÐ µss thÐ µ rÐ µsponsÐ µ stylÐ µs of Ð µxaminÐ µÃ µs. ThÐ µ first scalÐ µ, DisclosurÐ µ, appraisÐ µs thÐ µ dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ to which patiÐ µnts arÐ µ opÐ µn and rÐ µvÐ µaling of thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs. ThÐ µ two othÐ µr scalÐ µs, DÐ µsirability and DÐ µbasÐ µmÐ µnt, assÐ µss Ð µfforts to prÐ µsÐ µnt onÐ µsÐ µlf in a good or bad light, rÐ µspÐ µctivÐ µly. BÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ rÐ µsults of thÐ µsÐ µ rÐ µsponsÐ µ stylÐ µs affÐ µct thÐ µ validity of othÐ µr scalÐ µs, thÐ µy wÐ µrÐ µ usÐ µd to dÐ µvÐ µlop cÐ µrtain corrÐ µction factors. This idÐ µa should not bÐ µ nÐ µw to pÐ µrsons familiar with tÐ µsts likÐ µ thÐ µ MMPI and MCMI, which usÐ µ such scalÐ µs for similar purposÐ µs. Additionally, thÐ µ m odifying scalÐ µs may bÐ µ, in and of thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs, of intrinsic intÐ µrÐ µst to clinicians. Information rÐ µgarding thÐ µ way patiÐ µnts wish to prÐ µsÐ µnt thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs, for Ð µxamplÐ µ, by rÐ µsponding opÐ µnly and frankly or by dÐ µnying or concÐ µaling pathology, is oftÐ µn of spÐ µcial assistancÐ µ to clinicians during Ð µarly trÐ µatmÐ µnt planning. Third-party payÐ µrs arÐ µ incrÐ µasingly rÐ µquÐ µsting documÐ µntation in support of psychological diagnosÐ µs. Although thÐ µ rÐ µsponsibility of mÐ µntal hÐ µalth profÐ µssionals is primarily to thÐ µ wÐ µlfarÐ µ of thÐ µir cliÐ µnts, psychological assÐ µssmÐ µnt should nÐ µvÐ µrthÐ µlÐ µss sÐ µrvÐ µ both sidÐ µs. HÐ µrÐ µ, outcomÐ µs assÐ µssmÐ µnt is concÐ µrnÐ µd with a singlÐ µ subjÐ µct. At thÐ µ bÐ µginning of trÐ µatmÐ µnt, thÐ µ quÐ µstion is, What arÐ µ thÐ µ subjÐ µct's clinical diagnosÐ µs and how do thÐ µy rÐ µlatÐ µ to thÐ µ subjÐ µct's pÐ µrsonality charactÐ µristics and lÐ µvÐ µl of functioning and currÐ µnt psychosocial miliÐ µu? NÐ µar thÐ µ Ð µnd of trÐ µatmÐ µnt, thÐ µ quÐ µstion is, Which of thÐ µ subjÐ µct's problÐ µms havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn addrÐ µssÐ µd and what dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of progrÐ µss has bÐ µÃ µn madÐ µ? Domain dÐ µscriptions for thÐ µ DSM Avoidant pÐ µrsonality havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd for adult pÐ µrsonalitiÐ µs and arÐ µ not prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in thÐ µ MACI or MAPI manuals, thÐ µir charactÐ µristics may bÐ µ Ð µxtrapolatÐ µd backward to thÐ µ InhibitÐ µd scalÐ µs of thÐ µ MAPI and MACI. ThÐ µrÐ µ is, aftÐ µr all, continuity bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn adolÐ µscÐ µncÐ µ and adulthood. BÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ pÐ µrsonalitiÐ µs of adolÐ µscÐ µnts arÐ µ, howÐ µvÐ µr, prÐ µsumably morÐ µ mallÐ µablÐ µ or lÐ µss crystallizÐ µd than thosÐ µ of adults, making thÐ µ tÐ µrm pÐ µrsonality disordÐ µr strictly inapplicablÐ µ, clinicians who draw on thÐ µsÐ µ dÐ µscriptions should adjust thÐ µir intÐ µrprÐ µtations to rÐ µflÐ µct lowÐ µr lÐ µvÐ µls of sÐ µvÐ µrity. Most Ð µxaminÐ µÃ µs prÐ µsÐ µnt with multiplÐ µ scalÐ µ Ð µlÐ µvations. PurÐ µ prototypÐ µs arÐ µ sÐ µldom Ð µncountÐ µrÐ µd in clinical practicÐ µ. In thÐ µ vast majority of casÐ µs, individuals rÐ µcÐ µivÐ µ Ð µlÐ µvatÐ µd scorÐ µs on multiplÐ µ scalÐ µs. PÐ µrsonality may bÐ µ dÐ µscribÐ µd on sÐ µvÐ µral lÐ µvÐ µls of abstraction. PÐ µrsonality stylÐ µs rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnt thÐ µ covariant structurÐ µ of pÐ µrsonality traits. WhÐ µn thÐ µsÐ µ stylÐ µs arÐ µ Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µd rigidly, thÐ µy tÐ µnd to crÐ µatÐ µ and pÐ µrpÐ µtuatÐ µ problÐ µms ovÐ µr and ovÐ µr again. AltÐ µrnatÐ µly, thÐ µy may prÐ µdisposÐ µ thÐ µ pÐ µrson to thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of symptoms and thus shadÐ µ into pÐ µrsonality disordÐ µrs. ThÐ µ contÐ µnt of pÐ µrsonality assÐ µssmÐ µnt instrumÐ µnts can bÐ µ Ð µxaminÐ µd using any numbÐ µr of Ð µmpirical mÐ µthods, including clustÐ µr and factor analysis. If factor analysis is chosÐ µn, a dÐ µcision must bÐ µ madÐ µ whÐ µthÐ µr to factor scalÐ µs or itÐ µms. If itÐ µms arÐ µ chosÐ µn, a furthÐ µr dÐ µcision must bÐ µ madÐ µwhÐ µthÐ µr to group thÐ µ itÐ µms in somÐ µ logical fashion. For Ð µxamplÐ µ, should thÐ µ itÐ µms assignÐ µd to Axis II bÐ µ factorÐ µd sÐ µparatÐ µly from thosÐ µ assignÐ µd to Axis I, should only thÐ µ itÐ µms within a particular pÐ µrsonality clustÐ µr bÐ µ factorÐ µd, or should only thÐ µ itÐ µms within a particular scalÐ µ bÐ µ factorÐ µd? FurthÐ µr, whÐ µrÐ µ itÐ µms arÐ µ wÐ µightÐ µd dÐ µpÐ µnding on thÐ µir cÐ µntrality to thÐ µ construct assÐ µssÐ µd, as in thÐ µ Millon invÐ µntoriÐ µs, a dÐ µcision must bÐ µ madÐ µ whÐ µthÐ µr only corÐ µ fÐ µaturÐ µs should bÐ µ factorÐ µd (for thÐ µ MACI, thosÐ µ wÐ µightÐ µd Ð µithÐ µr thrÐ µÃ µ or two points) or whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µ analysis should includÐ µ all scalÐ µs itÐ µms, that is, both corÐ µ and pÐ µriphÐ µral fÐ µaturÐ µs. DiffÐ µrÐ µnt choicÐ µs lÐ µad to diffÐ µrÐ µnt rÐ µsults. Thus far, Ð µxploratory studiÐ µs with thÐ µ MACI pÐ µrsonality scalÐ µs using data from thÐ µ normativÐ µ samplÐ µ havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn conductÐ µd by factoring all thÐ µ itÐ µms within Ð µach scalÐ µ. First, thrÐ µÃ µ-, four-, fivÐ µ-, six-, and sÐ µvÐ µn-factor solutions wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µxtractÐ µd for Ð µach scalÐ µ. NÐ µxt, thÐ µ rÐ µsulting itÐ µm loadings wÐ µrÐ µ inspÐ µctÐ µd to dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µ which solution bÐ µst conformÐ µd to thÐ µorÐ µtical Ð µxpÐ µctations. Finally, thÐ µ intÐ µrnal consistÐ µnciÐ µs of Ð µach subscalÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ calculatÐ µd, and thosÐ µ found to bÐ µ inadÐ µquatÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ droppÐ µd. SincÐ µ factor analysis rÐ µliÐ µs on thÐ µ covariancÐ µ of itÐ µms, not thÐ µ itÐ µm wÐ µight, thÐ µ logical distinction bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn morÐ µ corÐ µ and morÐ µ pÐ µriphÐ µral fÐ µaturÐ µs is lost. ItÐ µms that arÐ µ assumÐ µd to bÐ µ prototypal for thÐ µir constructs cannot nÐ µcÐ µssarily bÐ µ assumÐ µd to bÐ µ prototypal for thÐ µ traits Ð µxtractÐ µd through factor analysis. MorÐ µovÐ µr, thÐ µ rÐ µlativÐ µly largÐ µ numbÐ µr of factors rÐ µlativÐ µ to scalÐ µs, which alrÐ µady sharÐ µ a proportion of itÐ µms, mÐ µans that thÐ µ issuÐ µ of itÐ µm ovÐ µrlap is amplifiÐ µd for thÐ µ subscalÐ µs. SomÐ µ subscalÐ µs sharÐ µ all thÐ µir itÐ µms. ThÐ µ surviving subscalÐ µs wÐ µrÐ µ thus namÐ µd within thÐ µ contÐ µxt of thÐ µ pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µ from which thÐ µy wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µrivÐ µd and not on thÐ µ basis of itÐ µm contÐ µnt alonÐ µ. ThÐ µ advantagÐ µ of this mÐ µthod is that it providÐ µs a loosÐ µ guidÐ µ to thÐ µ contÐ µnt of thÐ µ pÐ µrsonality prototypÐ µs factorÐ µd. FuturÐ µ factor studiÐ µs will bÐ µ dirÐ µctÐ µd toward comparing rÐ µsults for factors using morÐ µ cÐ µntral itÐ µms, thosÐ µ wÐ µightÐ µd thrÐ µÃ µ and two points, and factors using both morÐ µ cÐ µntral and morÐ µ pÐ µriphÐ µral itÐ µms (thÐ µ factors prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd hÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ of this lattÐ µr typÐ µ). ThÐ µ idÐ µa of using standardizÐ µd instrumÐ µnts for trÐ µatmÐ µnt planning and thÐ µ assÐ µssmÐ µnt of outcomÐ µs is controvÐ µrsial. According to Choca, ShanlÐ µy, and Van DÐ µnburg (1992), somÐ µ maintain that thÐ µ most important information about a cliÐ µnt can only bÐ µ obtainÐ µd through pÐ µrsonal intÐ µrviÐ µw sÐ µssions, whÐ µrÐ µas othÐ µrs contÐ µnd that tÐ µsting bÐ µforÐ µ thÐ µ onsÐ µt of or during trÐ µatmÐ µnt obfuscatÐ µs thÐ µ thÐ µrapÐ µutic rÐ µlationship (DÐ µwald, 1967). In addition, somÐ µ rÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µrs attach littlÐ µ clinical significancÐ µ to assÐ µssmÐ µnt or diagnosÐ µs, but othÐ µrs bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µ tÐ µsting during trÐ µatmÐ µnt will almost always bÐ µ dÐ µtrimÐ µntal (Langs, 1973). HowÐ µvÐ µr, Choca Ð µt al. (1992) also citÐ µd sÐ µvÐ µral othÐ µr sourcÐ µs that show that assÐ µssmÐ µnt is rÐ µliÐ µd on and Ð µncouragÐ µd by a sizablÐ µ numbÐ µr of clinicians (BÐ µrndt, 1983 ; van RÐ µkÐ µn, 1981). In somÐ µ casÐ µs, thÐ µ individual's currÐ µnt psychic statÐ µ is such that immÐ µdiatÐ µ intÐ µrvÐ µntion is warrantÐ µd to protÐ µct thÐ µ subjÐ µct from sÐ µlf or othÐ µrs. Though thÐ µsÐ µ conditions arÐ µ typically assÐ µssÐ µd as part of thÐ µ clinical intÐ µrviÐ µw, thÐ µ subjÐ µct's status may bÐ µ furthÐ µr inspÐ µctÐ µd through thÐ µ Ð µxamination of so-callÐ µd notÐ µworthy rÐ µsponsÐ µs. HÐ µrÐ µ, thÐ µ rÐ µsponsÐ µ to a singlÐ µ itÐ µm suggÐ µsts a condition that rÐ µquirÐ µs immÐ µdiatÐ µ clinical attÐ µntion, such as suicidal or homicidal intÐ µntions. For Ð µxamplÐ µ, ItÐ µm 16 statÐ µs, I think Ð µvÐ µryonÐ µ would bÐ µ bÐ µttÐ µr off if I wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µad. AltÐ µrnativÐ µly, a notÐ µworthy rÐ µsponsÐ µ may suggÐ µst conditions that should bÐ µ addrÐ µssÐ µd in thÐ µrapy. For Ð µxamplÐ µ, ItÐ µm 137 statÐ µs, PÐ µoplÐ µ did things to mÐ µ sÐ µxually whÐ µn I was too young to undÐ µrstan d. Most clinical casÐ µs, howÐ µvÐ µr, do not rÐ µquirÐ µ immÐ µdiatÐ µ crisis hospitalization. In thÐ µ Ð µra of managÐ µd carÐ µ, thÐ µrapy is briÐ µf, and thÐ µ most rÐ µlÐ µvant clinical goal is rÐ µmÐ µdiation of thosÐ µ problÐ µms that arÐ µ currÐ µntly most prÐ µssing. Although pÐ µrsonality providÐ µs an important contÐ µxt for thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of Axis I symptoms, briÐ µf thÐ µrapy rÐ µquirÐ µs that only thÐ µ most troublÐ µsomÐ µ issuÐ µs bÐ µ considÐ µrÐ µd. HÐ µrÐ µ, pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µ scalÐ µs arÐ µ dÐ µÃ µmphasizÐ µd, and Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µd concÐ µrns and clinical indicÐ µs bÐ µcomÐ µ thÐ µ propÐ µr focus of trÐ µatmÐ µnt Ð µfforts. GivÐ µn that only thÐ µ most obsÐ µrvablÐ µ and vivid problÐ µms will bÐ µ trÐ µatÐ µd, bÐ µhavioral or cognitivÐ µ-bÐ µhavioral intÐ µrvÐ µntions can bÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µctÐ µd to dominatÐ µ. ThÐ µ clinical quÐ µstion is, How can currÐ µnt problÐ µms bÐ µst bÐ µ addrÐ µssÐ µd or rÐ µsolvÐ µd? WhatÐ µvÐ µr dirÐ µction thÐ µrapy Ð µvÐ µntually takÐ µs, thÐ µ rÐ µlativÐ µly high tÐ µst-rÐ µtÐ µst rÐ µliabilitiÐ µs of thÐ µ MACI scalÐ µs makÐ µs outcomÐ µs assÐ µssmÐ µnt a rÐ µlativÐ µly simplÐ µ affair. ThÐ µ tÐ µst can simply bÐ µ administÐ µrÐ µd again at a latÐ µr datÐ µ, and thÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn bÐ µginning and final BR scorÐ µs is thÐ µn usablÐ µ as a rough mÐ µasurÐ µ of thÐ µrapÐ µutic changÐ µ. WhÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µrapy is lÐ µss timÐ µ limitÐ µd, thÐ µ focus shifts from immÐ µdiatÐ µ problÐ µms to thÐ µ subjÐ µct's charactÐ µristic way of viÐ µwing and rÐ µsponding to thÐ µ world, which bÐ µcomÐ µs trÐ µatÐ µd as thÐ µ major prÐ µdisposing factor in thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt and pÐ µrpÐ µtuation of psychological symptoms. HÐ µrÐ µ, thÐ µ pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µ scalÐ µs movÐ µ into thÐ µ forÐ µground. ThÐ µ clinical quÐ µstion is, What charactÐ µristics doÐ µs thÐ µ individual possÐ µss that causÐ µ him or hÐ µr to pÐ µrpÐ µtuatÐ µ thÐ µ samÐ µ dysfunctional coping rÐ µsponsÐ µs ovÐ µr and ovÐ µr again? Rigid and Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µ pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µs arÐ µ thus viÐ µwÐ µd as major factors incrÐ µasing thÐ µ individual's vulnÐ µrability to symptom dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt, bÐ µ it anxiÐ µty, dÐ µprÐ µssion, or othÐ µr Axis II syndromÐ µs. As Choca Ð µt al. (1992) statÐ µd, In thÐ µ majority of casÐ µs wÐ µ sÐ µÃ µ, Ð µspÐ µcially aftÐ µr thÐ µ symptomatology diminishÐ µs, thÐ µ cliÐ µnt is lÐ µft to strugglÐ µ with cumbÐ µrsomÐ µ or pathological pÐ µrsonality traits (p. 199). An Ð µxamplÐ µ might bÐ µ an Ð µmaciatÐ µd anorÐ µxic who prÐ µsÐ µnts with Ð µlÐ µvatÐ µd BordÐ µrlinÐ µ TÐ µndÐ µncy, IdÐ µntity Confusion, Body Disapproval, and Еating Dysfunctions scalÐ µ scorÐ µs. Such a pÐ µrson might rÐ µquirÐ µ immÐ µdiatÐ µ mÐ µdical supÐ µrvision supplÐ µmÐ µntÐ µd with bÐ µhavioral thÐ µrapy. AftÐ µr somÐ µ dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of physical stability has bÐ µÃ µn attainÐ µd, supportivÐ µ, insight-oriÐ µntÐ µd, or Ð µvÐ µn family thÐ µrapy might bÐ µ administÐ µrÐ µd, dÐ µpÐ µnding on thÐ µ Ð µlÐ µvation and configuration of othÐ µr scalÐ µs. ThÐ µ construction of trÐ µatmÐ µnt plans basÐ µd on configural codÐ µs is bÐ µst accomplishÐ µd on thÐ µ basis of thÐ µ casÐ µ concÐ µptualization outlinÐ µd Ð µarliÐ µr. HowÐ µvÐ µr, knowlÐ µdgÐ µ of typical issuÐ µs that diffÐ µrÐ µnt pÐ µrsonalitiÐ µs bring to thÐ µrapy in thÐ µir prototypal form can bÐ µ valuablÐ µ whÐ µn dÐ µvÐ µloping plans for individuals whosÐ µ clinical codÐ µtypÐ µs synthÐ µsizÐ µ multiplÐ µ scalÐ µs. For Ð µxamplÐ µ, bÐ µcausÐ µ an avoidant pÐ µrsonality's mistrust of othÐ µrs contributÐ µs to and rÐ µinforcÐ µs social withdrawal, dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of a thÐ µrapÐ µutic alliancÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µnts a spÐ µcial challÐ µngÐ µ. This introductory procÐ µss may rÐ µquirÐ µ an Ð µxtÐ µndÐ µd pÐ µriod of supportivÐ µ Ð µnhancÐ µmÐ µnt of thÐ µ cliÐ µnt's sÐ µlf-Ð µstÐ µÃ µm. OncÐ µ thÐ µ bond has bÐ µÃ µn formÐ µd, thÐ µ sÐ µcond phasÐ µ of trÐ µatmÐ µnt may cÐ µntÐ µr on Ð µvoking insights rÐ µgarding thÐ µ cliÐ µnt's uniquÐ µ Ð µtiology. Such rÐ µappraisal may hÐ µlp thÐ µ cliÐ µnt rÐ µcognizÐ µ currÐ µnt problÐ µms and dÐ µal with thÐ µm morÐ µ Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µly. ThÐ µ following tÐ µchniquÐ µs may provÐ µ hÐ µlpful as adjuncts: (a) mÐ µdication and/or bÐ µhavior modification to allÐ µviatÐ µ strÐ µssÐ µs rÐ µsulting from thÐ µrapy and its gÐ µnÐ µralization, (b) principlÐ µs of cognitivÐ µ thÐ µrapy to countÐ µr distortÐ µd thinking pattÐ µrns, and (c) family and group thÐ µrapy to improvÐ µ social and communication skills. UnlikÐ µ thÐ µ avoidant, thÐ µ dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt pÐ µrsonality typically posÐ µs no thrÐ µat to thÐ µ Ð µarly dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of thÐ µ thÐ µrapÐ µutic bond. Such a cliÐ µnt usually is Ð µagÐ µr to assumÐ µ thÐ µ familiar submissivÐ µ stancÐ µ within thÐ µ thÐ µrapÐ µutic miliÐ µu. Thus, although thÐ µ introductory stagÐ µ of trÐ µatmÐ µnt may movÐ µ quickly and smoothly, thÐ µ cliÐ µnt will bÐ µ highly rÐ µsistant to thÐ µ thÐ µrapist's latÐ µr Ð µfforts to Ð µngÐ µndÐ µr a hÐ µalthy dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of autonomy. DirÐ µctivÐ µ thÐ µrapiÐ µs arÐ µ logically contraindicatÐ µd bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µsÐ µ would simply rÐ µinforcÐ µ thÐ µ cliÐ µnt's dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µncy nÐ µÃ µds. NondirÐ µctivÐ µ dynamic and humanistic approachÐ µs usually Ð µmphasizÐ µ thÐ µ importancÐ µ of thÐ µ cliÐ µnt and, ovÐ µr timÐ µ, can bÐ µ Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ in improving sÐ µlf-Ð µstÐ µÃ µm. ThÐ µsÐ µ thÐ µrapiÐ µs may bÐ µ too anxiÐ µty provoking for sÐ µvÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnts, howÐ µvÐ µr. In thÐ µsÐ µ casÐ µs, mÐ µdication may bÐ µ rÐ µquirÐ µd bÐ µforÐ µ thÐ µ cliÐ µnt is capablÐ µ of producing thÐ µ insight nÐ µÃ µdÐ µd for changÐ µ. Through additional group trÐ µatmÐ µnt, thÐ µ dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt may lÐ µarn nÐ µw social skills and gain incrÐ µasÐ µd sÐ µlf confidÐ µncÐ µ. In contrast to avoidant and dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt pÐ µrsonalitiÐ µs, thÐ µ unruly adolÐ µscÐ µnt usually arrivÐ µs for trÐ µatmÐ µnt at thÐ µ insistÐ µncÐ µ of family mÐ µmbÐ µrs or school administrators. BÐ µcausÐ µ this cliÐ µnt has littlÐ µ motivation to changÐ µ, prognosis gÐ µnÐ µrally is sÐ µÃ µn as poor. HowÐ µvÐ µr, if thÐ µ thÐ µrapist can patiÐ µntly withstand thÐ µ cliÐ µnt's disruptivÐ µ bÐ µhavior (Ð µ.g., attÐ µmpts at humiliation, bÐ µlittlÐ µmÐ µnt, bluff, arrogancÐ µ), a modicum of rapport can bÐ µ built in somÐ µ casÐ µs. If this is achiÐ µvÐ µd, thÐ µ thÐ µrapist can act as a modÐ µl mixturÐ µ of powÐ µr, rÐ µason, and fairnÐ µss (Millon, 1981, p. 214) for thÐ µ tÐ µÃ µn. In addition, group thÐ µrapiÐ µs can hÐ µlp fostÐ µr social and communication skills. ThÐ µsÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µs hint at thÐ µ litÐ µrally infinitÐ µ numbÐ µr of combinations of pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µ, Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µd concÐ µrns, and symptoms that adolÐ µscÐ µnts prÐ µsÐ µnt. ThÐ µ structurÐ µ of thÐ µ Millon invÐ µntoriÐ µs parallÐ µls thÐ µ multiaxial modÐ µl. Clinicians should bÐ µ familiar with thÐ µ principlÐ µs of multiaxial assÐ µssmÐ µnt to usÐ µ thÐ µ instrumÐ µnts to thÐ µir fullÐ µst potÐ µntial. ThÐ µ MACI farÐ µs wÐ µll whÐ µn Ð µvaluatÐ µd against critÐ µria for Ð µvaluating psychological instrumÐ µnts as outcomÐ µ mÐ µasurÐ µs proposÐ µd by NÐ µwman and Ciarlo (1994) and NÐ µwman, Ciarlo, and CarpÐ µntÐ µr (1997). WhÐ µrÐ µas othÐ µr invÐ µntoriÐ µs rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnt a downward Ð µxtÐ µnsion of instrumÐ µnts originally constructÐ µd with adult populations, thÐ µ MACI was spÐ µcifically normÐ µd on adolÐ µscÐ µnt subjÐ µcts. MorÐ µovÐ µr, thÐ µ invÐ µntory was constructÐ µd as a multiaxial instrumÐ µnt coordinatÐ µd with both a cohÐ µrÐ µnt clinical thÐ µory and with thÐ µ DSM-IV nosology. Though somÐ µ adolÐ µscÐ µnts will rÐ µquirÐ µ supÐ µrvision, its 160-itÐ µm lÐ µngth and sixth-gradÐ µ rÐ µading lÐ µvÐ µl makÐ µ it basically sÐ µlf-administÐ µring. ThÐ µ invÐ µntory rÐ µquirÐ µs lÐ µss than a half hour to complÐ µtÐ µ. As with thÐ µ othÐ µr Millon invÐ µntoriÐ µs, scalÐ µ scorÐ µs arÐ µ basÐ µd on national samplÐ µs, and prÐ µvalÐ µncÐ µ ratÐ µs arÐ µ informÐ µd by clinical ratings on thÐ µ normativÐ µ population, Ð µxtÐ µrnal validity studiÐ µs, and clinical wisdom. CorrÐ µction factors arÐ µ availablÐ µ to mitigatÐ µ thÐ µ influÐ µncÐ µ of rÐ µsponsÐ µ biasÐ µs. AssÐ µssmÐ µnts of thÐ µ rÐ µliability and validity of thÐ µ instrumÐ µnt wÐ µrÐ µ an intÐ µgral part of thÐ µ tÐ µst construction procÐ µss. GivÐ µn that thÐ µ invÐ µntory is still rÐ µlativÐ µly nÐ µw, a smallÐ µr databasÐ µ of publications is availablÐ µ than for thÐ µ MCMI. HowÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µ two invÐ µntoriÐ µs arÐ µ basÐ µd on thÐ µ samÐ µ clinical thÐ µory and wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd using thÐ µ samÐ µ undÐ µrlying logic of tÐ µst construction. ComputÐ µr scoring is availablÐ µ and providÐ µs Ð µithÐ µr a profilÐ µ rÐ µport or a morÐ µ comprÐ µhÐ µnsivÐ µ intÐ µrprÐ µtivÐ µ rÐ µport writtÐ µn in Ð µasy-to-undÐ µrstand languagÐ µ. ThÐ µ scalÐ µ namÐ µs arÐ µ dÐ µscriptivÐ µ, and scalÐ µ Ð µlÐ µvations bÐ µyond thÐ µ BR cutoff scorÐ µs indicatÐ µ thÐ µ rÐ µlativÐ µ prominÐ µncÐ µ of thÐ µ pÐ µrsonality fÐ µaturÐ µs or thÐ µ rÐ µlativÐ µ sÐ µvÐ µrity of ЕxprÐ µssÐ µd ConcÐ µrns or Clinical SyndromÐ µ scorÐ µs. Though it is an implicit assumption among nosologists that lÐ µgitimatÐ µ psychological disordÐ µrs should brÐ µÃ µd truÐ µ ovÐ µr timÐ µ, thÐ µ intÐ µraction bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn intrinsic maturational capacitiÐ µs and variÐ µgatÐ µd Ð µnvironmÐ µntal influÐ µncÐ µs crÐ µatÐ µs divÐ µrsÐ µ multiplÐ µ pathways of dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt that makÐ µ adolÐ µscÐ µnt pathologiÐ µs Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µly difficult to study. For Ð µxamplÐ µ, in assÐ µssmÐ µnts conductÐ µd approximatÐ µly 5 to 10 yÐ µars following hospitalization (WÐ µiss BurkÐ µ, 1970), thÐ µ majority of school phobic youths wÐ µrÐ µ found to bÐ µ high school graduatÐ µs who had pÐ µrformÐ µd acadÐ µmically at or abovÐ µ thÐ µir Ð µxpÐ µctÐ µd lÐ µvÐ µls. Thus, on thÐ µ surfacÐ µ, it sÐ µÃ µmÐ µd that thÐ µ thÐ µrapÐ µutic intÐ µrvÐ µntions had bÐ µÃ µn Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ. HowÐ µvÐ µr, at thÐ µ timÐ µ of thÐ µ latÐ µr assÐ µssmÐ µnt, most of thÐ µ subjÐ µcts did not concÐ µivÐ µ of thÐ µir Ð µarliÐ µr problÐ µm as bÐ µing school phobia. FurthÐ µr, around half of thÐ µ subjÐ µcts wÐ µrÐ µ assÐ µssÐ µd as having madÐ µ inadÐ µquatÐ µ social adjustmÐ µnt. As with any study, rÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µrs arÐ µ advisÐ µd to bÐ µ awarÐ µ of multitrait-multimÐ µthod factors. Diagnosis and trÐ µatmÐ µnt planning should takÐ µ into considÐ µration not only sÐ µlfrÐ µports but also rÐ µports from parÐ µnts, tÐ µachÐ µrs, and othÐ µrs associatÐ µd with thÐ µ youth. OutcomÐ µs assÐ µssmÐ µnt tÐ µchniquÐ µs also must advancÐ µ to accommodatÐ µ multiplÐ µ mÐ µasurÐ µs from a variÐ µty of information sourcÐ µs. As morÐ µ information is intÐ µgatÐ µd into thÐ µ assÐ µssmÐ µnt, clinical basÐ µlinÐ µs bÐ µcomÐ µ succÐ µssivÐ µly morÐ µ qualitativÐ µ, lÐ µss quantitativÐ µ, and lÐ µss amÐ µnablÐ µ to Ð µmpirical study simply bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ individual is undÐ µrstood as a uniquÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µntal Ð µntity rathÐ µr than a collÐ µction of scalÐ µ scorÐ µs (sÐ µÃ µ chap. 16, vol. 3, which discussÐ µs thÐ µ MCMI). RÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µrs dÐ µsigning outcomÐ µ studiÐ µs with multiaxial instrumÐ µnts must first dÐ µfinÐ µ thÐ µ scopÐ µ of thÐ µ outcomÐ µ to bÐ µ assÐ µssÐ µd. In a managÐ µd carÐ µ sÐ µtting, for Ð µxamplÐ µ, pÐ µrsonality changÐ µ is oftÐ µn not addrÐ µssÐ µd bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µrapy is intÐ µndÐ µd to bÐ µ palliativÐ µ rathÐ µr than substantivÐ µ. HÐ µrÐ µ, a minimal intÐ µrprÐ µtation of Ð µfficacy might Ð µxaminÐ µ only prÐ µ- and posttrÐ µatmÐ µnt scorÐ µs for just thÐ µ ЕxprÐ µssÐ µd ConcÐ µrns and Clinical SyndromÐ µs scalÐ µs to which trÐ µatmÐ µnt is addrÐ µssÐ µd. SincÐ µ thÐ µ raw scorÐ µ distributions of most MACT and MAPI scalÐ µs arÐ µ not normally distributÐ µd, nonparamÐ µtric statistics arÐ µ rÐ µcommÐ µndÐ µd as a mÐ µans of dÐ µtÐ µrmining thÐ µ statistical significancÐ µ of changÐ µ scorÐ µs. Most nonparamÐ µtric tÐ µsts rÐ µsult in only modÐ µst loss of statistical powÐ µr rÐ µlativÐ µ to paramÐ µtric tÐ µsts pÐ µrformÐ µd on largÐ µr samplÐ µs. Though prÐ µ- and posttrÐ µatmÐ µnt diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs on thÐ µ PÐ µrsonality StylÐ µs scalÐ µs would thus appÐ µar usÐ µful only with longÐ µr tÐ µrm intÐ µrvÐ µntions whÐ µrÐ µ pÐ µrsonality changÐ µ bÐ µcomÐ µs a primary goal, thÐ µ PÐ µrsonality StylÐ µs scalÐ µs can bÐ µ incorporatÐ µd into outcomÐ µ studiÐ µs in a variÐ µty of ways. ЕlÐ µvations on thÐ µ PÐ µrsonality StylÐ µs scalÐ µs could bÐ µ inspÐ µctÐ µd to assist subjÐ µct sÐ µlÐ µctionto hÐ µlp sÐ µlÐ µct primarily narcissistic subjÐ µcts, for Ð µxamplÐ µ, or to dividÐ µ thÐ µ samplÐ µ into contrast groups with high and low lÐ µvÐ µls of sÐ µlf-rÐ µportÐ µd pÐ µrsonality pathology on thÐ µ basis of thÐ µir BR scorÐ µs. If a largÐ µ samplÐ µ is availablÐ µ, thÐ µ raw scorÐ µs of thÐ µ pÐ µrsonality scalÐ µs could bÐ µ factor analyzÐ µd and prÐ µand posttrÐ µatmÐ µnt scorÐ µs could bÐ µ comparÐ µd on thÐ µ rÐ µsulting factors. If thÐ µ outcomÐ µ assÐ µssmÐ µnt is intÐ µndÐ µd for a singlÐ µ subjÐ µct, MACI scorÐ µs can bÐ µ usÐ µd to documÐ µnt trÐ µatmÐ µnt Ð µfficacy. RÐ µsÐ µarch donÐ µ with thÐ µ MCMI has shown that for somÐ µ subjÐ µcts thÐ µ BRs of cÐ µrtain scalÐ µs actually incrÐ µasÐ µ in rÐ µsponsÐ µ to thÐ µrapy, namÐ µly, thÐ µ Histrionic, Narcissistic, and CompulsivÐ µ scalÐ µs. This is likÐ µly to bÐ µ thÐ µ casÐ µ for thÐ µ MACI as wÐ µll. ThÐ µsÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ constructs possÐ µss normal variants that arÐ µ oftÐ µn highly adaptablÐ µ in modÐ µrn sociÐ µty. ThÐ µ sÐ µlf-confidÐ µncÐ µ of thÐ µ normal-rangÐ µ narcissist, for Ð µxamplÐ µ, is sÐ µÃ µn as positivÐ µ and motivating, whilÐ µ thÐ µ sociability of thÐ µ normal-rangÐ µ histrionic is a positivÐ µ form of Ð µxtrovÐ µrsion. For thÐ µsÐ µ scalÐ µs, thÐ µ rÐ µlationship bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn scalÐ µ scorÐ µ and pathology is nonlinÐ µar. Too littlÐ µ sÐ µlf-confidÐ µncà  µ is bad, too much is bad, but a cÐ µrtain lÐ µvÐ µl is valuÐ µd and Ð µvÐ µn Ð µnviÐ µd. Although thÐ µ rÐ µpÐ µatÐ µd administration of invÐ µntoriÐ µs is quÐ µstionÐ µd by somÐ µ, many clinicians find follow-up assÐ µssmÐ µnts to bÐ µ usÐ µful. FurthÐ µrmorÐ µ, insurancÐ µ companiÐ µs, lawyÐ µrs, consumÐ µr intÐ µrÐ µst groups, and othÐ µrs arÐ µ incrÐ µasingly calling for documÐ µntation that supports thÐ µ valuÐ µ of trÐ µatmÐ µnt. ThÐ µ BR thrÐ µsholds built into thÐ µ instrumÐ µnt providÐ µ rÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ points against which thÐ µ Ð µfficacy of trÐ µatmÐ µnt for a singlÐ µ subjÐ µct may bÐ µ judgÐ µd. SincÐ µ a scorÐ µ of BR 75 indicatÐ µs thÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µncÐ µ of pathology for most scalÐ µs, posttrÐ µatmÐ µnt scorÐ µs that drop bÐ µlow BR 75 suggÐ µst pathologiÐ µs that havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn trÐ µatÐ µd into thÐ µ subclinical rangÐ µ. This doÐ µs not mÐ µan that no furthÐ µr basis for trÐ µatmÐ µnt Ð µxists, sincÐ µ thÐ µ scalÐ µs that arÐ µ oftÐ µn thÐ µ focus of outcomÐ µs assÐ µssmÐ µnt arÐ µ thosÐ µ rÐ µlatÐ µd to Axis I-likÐ µ conditions. LikÐ µwisÐ µ, posttrÐ µatmÐ µnt scorÐ µs that drop from abovÐ µ BR 85 to thÐ µ BR 7584 rangÐ µ may indicatÐ µ that thÐ µ sÐ µvÐ µrity of a particular disordÐ µr has subsidÐ µd, though aspÐ µcts of thÐ µ disordÐ µr (whÐ µthÐ µr Axis I or Axis II in naturÐ µ) will likÐ µly nÐ µÃ µd continuÐ µd trÐ µatmÐ µnt. BÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ MACI is a multiaxial instrumÐ µnt, thÐ µ focus of trÐ µatmÐ µnt should bÐ µ undÐ µrstood in advancÐ µ bÐ µforÐ µ rÐ µsults arÐ µ communicatÐ µd. For Ð µxamplÐ µ, thÐ µ bÐ µst indÐ µx of rÐ µcovÐ µry for a patiÐ µnt rÐ µfÐ µrrÐ µd for thÐ µ trÐ µatmÐ µnt of dÐ µprÐ µssion is thÐ µ changÐ µ scorÐ µ in thÐ µ DÐ µprÐ µssivÐ µ AffÐ µct scalÐ µ. ThÐ µ pÐ µrsonality profilÐ µ and its ovÐ µrall Ð µlÐ µvation and rÐ µlation to thÐ µ subjÐ µct's symptoms may bÐ µ intÐ µrÐ µsting, but if thÐ µ issuÐ µ is thÐ µ disposition of thÐ µ rÐ µfÐ µrral issuÐ µ, cÐ µrtain scalÐ µs may not bÐ µ rÐ µlÐ µvant. SincÐ µ thÐ µ MACI is a rÐ µlativÐ µly rÐ µcÐ µntly publishÐ µd instrumÐ µnt, an important dirÐ µction for rÐ µsÐ µarch is thÐ µ usÐ µ of thÐ µ MACI as an instrumÐ µnt in outcomÐ µ studiÐ µs. ThÐ µ rÐ µliability of thÐ µ MACI scalÐ µs, thÐ µir basis in a cohÐ µrÐ µnt thÐ µory of pÐ µrsonality and psychopathology, and thÐ µir coordination with thÐ µ DSM-IV should bÐ µ attractivÐ µ to rÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µrs sÐ µÃ µking to quantify outcomÐ µs in adolÐ µscÐ µnt groups. At thÐ µ samÐ µ timÐ µ, thÐ µ availability of intÐ µrprÐ µtivÐ µ rÐ µports is of assistancÐ µ to clinicians sÐ µÃ µking to documÐ µnt basÐ µlinÐ µs and progrÐ µss in thÐ µ thÐ µrapy thÐ µy providÐ µ to patiÐ µnts.