Essay on Does Utilitarianism Lead to Extreme Self Sacrifice

The principal of utility is to maximize the happiness in ones self by using benefits misusing the harms. It acts as to produce advantage, pleasure, good or happiness and the greatest net balance of benefits over harms for all affected impartially. In Utilitarianism, J.S. Mill was trying to show that actions and institutions should increase the overall amount of happiness in the world, and stressed the importance of utilitarianism as the first principle in ethics. Happiness should be judged, not only by pleasure, but by pain as well, Mill believes that a person should always seek to gain pleasure and reject pain. According to Smart, the act-utilitarian is to regard rules as mere rules of thumb, and will use them only as rough guides.†¦show more content†¦If someone is not found in responsible for the crime, the angry mob will own there own revenge on a much smaller and quite vulnerable section of the community. If the judge knows that the real culprit is unknown and that the authorities do not even have a good clue as to who he may be. The judge could frame a disliked and useless man who though innocent could easily be framed in order to save the community from the mob. The mob would believe that this man would be the one responsible for the wrong doing and after his execution would not take revenge on the community. â€Å"Most of us regard such a framing and execution of such a man in such circumstances as totally unacceptable.†(Nielsen, 150) In such a case some critics would say that an act-utilitarian may find it difficult because by framing the innocent man would actually be the right choice. By framing him, it will satisfy the angry mob and indeed save the community from bloody savage and revenge. However, Nielsen argues that a reasonable act-utilitarian could conclude that framing an innocent person would not be the rational act. If the magistrate were a tough minded but morally conscientious consequentialist, he could refuse to frame and execute the innocent man, even knowing that this would unleash the mob and cause much suffering and many deaths. The rational for his particular moral stand would be that, if he framed andShow MoreRelatedThe Element Of Moral Philosophy By James Rachels1161 Words   |  5 Pages In the book, â€Å"The Element of Moral Philosophy†, James Rachels explores the several criticisms of Utilitarianism. In this essay, I will touch on these criticisms, outlining the major implications they propose to Utilitarianism. I will also explain why many of the notions proposed against Utilitarianism are self-serving, and instead serve to improve the general good of a minority population, which contradicts the Utilitarian theory of equating moral aptit ude to the general good of a majority populationRead MoreUtilitarianism vs. Individualism1366 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism vs. Individualism Arguments for utilitarianism and individualism will never end. The essence of utilitarianism, pleasure is the chief end of life and the greatest happiness for the greatest number should be the ultimate goal of human beings, has always been a crucial matter of concern and controversy. It is regarded as an exploit of people’s freedom and individualism. However, individualism is deemed as an ignorance of teamwork. We cannot simply tell which one is superior to theRead MoreExamples Of Utilitarianism And The Trolley Problem1208 Words   |  5 PagesUtilitarianism and The Trolley Problem Utilitarianism is an ethical principle that states that everyone should act in the way that will bring out the most good for the majority. If this were true then most people would make the decision to save five people even if it required murder or one. The Trolley Problem dives right into this core issue by describing a decision making scenario. Utilitarianism is damaged as an ethical theory because it oversimplifies this decision, and other decisions likeRead MoreDifference Between Virtue Ethics, Kantian And Utilitarianism977 Words   |  4 PagesBefore we get to the premises of my argument, I would like to distinguish the difference between virtue ethics, Kantian deontology and utilitarianism. Unlike virtue ethics, Kantian and utilitarianism tell us what our duty is to our fellow human beings. In utilitarianism the goal is to increase happiness for the greatest number of people. This often requires self-sacrifice and it can be quite demanding to figure out what decision will hav e the best consequence and the most happiness. Kantian ethics, onRead More1A.The First False Statement States â€Å"Rule-Utilitarianism1897 Words   |  8 Pages1A. The first false statement states â€Å"Rule-utilitarianism is just about following the rules that are in place. If society has a rule against doing something, then a rule-utilitarian will always agree that you should not do that.† I find this to be false because rule utilitarianism is not just about following the rules or about simply looking at the consequences. Utilitarianism itself is about doing the morally right action, this should be the action which produces the most positive balance of goodwillRead MoreUtilitarianism Versus Rawls Versus Nozick2479 Words   |  10 PagesUtilitarianism is fine if your among the winners justice is better if you are not Utilitarianism is the moral philosophy that the morally right action is that which leads to the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. The term justice means getting what you deserve both good and bad. However there is significant disagreement between justice theorists as to what causes who to deserve what. In this essay I will be discussing John Rawls concept of contract justice and Robert NozicksRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 Pagesstory. Some names include the Puritan spiritual advisor Anne Hutchinson, who is banished for speaking out against Christian beliefs and traditions, the founder of behaviorism John B. Watson, and Jeremy Bentham the founder of modern utilitarianism. Shirley Jackson also does a great job of making the traditions and lifestyle of the villagers very distinct from one another; as well as, making the location of the village unknown. They have modern celebrations, yet they resort to barbaric methods to ensureRead More John Stuart Mill s Views On Morality1402 Words   |  6 Pagessatisfaction. Mill’s views on morality is utilitarianism, which is centered mainly on pleasure and happiness. Everyone can agree that feeling pain is bad and that happiness is a good thing. He emphasizes that actions that maximizes pleasure and decreases pain for the greatest number is right. Mills does not necessarily mean personally happiness, as that is a common misconception of utility, whereas he means happiness for the greater number of people. Which leads to examples in the aspect of sacrificingRead MoreWe Should Set Limits On Moral Obligation1398 Words   |  6 Pagesmuch can it ask of us to sacrifice for others? This question had placed great influence on Zell Kravinsky story and it is important we evaluate his arguments for moral obligation can ask of us. In this essay I intend to recognize the infraction that moral obligation puts on decisions such as ‘nondirected’ organ donation. The boundary Zell Kravinsky set an moral obligation should be avoided because his actions were not entirely moral, and placed harm on his well-being. Zell does limit to the amount ofRead More The Fight for Human Rights Essay3126 Words   |  13 Pagessecurity-for-rights compromise. Though their respective theories vary greatly in theory and in practice, they provide models to condemn this exchange. Nevertheless, each differs in the persuasiveness and effectiveness of their tools for argumentation. Mill’s utilitarianism, Nozick’s libertarianism, and Rawls’ egalitarian liberalism reject the tradeoff of security for a majority in exchange for the violation of the rights a minority. John Stuart Mill outlines a sometimes dubious plan for protecting rights and lacks

The Most Famous Works Malcolm X - 1855 Words

Of the people who are praised upon in history, some men are remembered for their intelligent minds, while other others are criticized for leaving a disappointing past behind. Its easy to remember some of the impacts the great men left, but often enough the men who have the biggest impact are some how forgotten. This is the way people remember Malcolm X. He had influenced many Blacks to stand up for their rights against the inequality by the American government. He has often been criticized for his stances that look like radicalism, while on the other side he has been praised for his attempts in raising the class status, and equality for Blacks. He is often heard about in this modern day through his powerful speeches and readings, and one of his most famous works Malcolm X: By Any Means Necessary. His readings often focused around pointing out the inequality of blacks, there was no sense of settlement especially for the strong civil rights leaders, this was no fight for equality, it w as a life style and pursue of happiness. The cultural movement during the 20’s lost its power in the 30’s because of the depression. The Great Depression turned away attention from cultural and equality matters to economic. Even prior to the market crash of 1929, poverty and joblessness among blacks was remarkably high. It was under these tricky circumstances that during this time Malcolm X was still in his youth. Malcolm X was a very notorious mind in his time. He grew up in a big family. HisShow MoreRelatedA Closer Look at Malcolm Xs Tactics Essay994 Words   |  4 Pages Malcolm X was a civil right activist in the 1960. Malcolm X’s public speech, â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet,† was a famous speech that motivated black communities to push for their civil right. Malcolm X was a radical and an advocate of violence. The purpose of Malcolm X speech was to convince his audience and the black community to come together as one and fight for their civil rights in America. He also convinces his audie nce to be more aware of how the government is treating them. Malcolm X uses ethosRead MoreEssay on Exploring the Autobiography of Malcom X1068 Words   |  5 Pagesany means necessary. These words were spoken by Malcolm X, a civil rights leader and political activist. He is also the main character, narrator, and author of the Autobiography of Malcolm X. The autobiography takes place in various cities in the United States, such as Omaha, New York, and Detroit, as well as the Middle East, and Africa. Considering the type of literature this is, it is obvious to state that Malcolm X is the main character. Malcolm X, as a child, was intelligent and popular amongstRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement: Malcolm X1135 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the Civil Rights Movement, there was a famous leader whose protests were peaceful and non-violent. That man was Martian Luther King Jr., but many people have never heard of another Civil Rights leader. Even though his protests were different than King’s protests, he did his part and help with equality. This man was Malcolm Little, more famously known as Malcolm X. After a rough upbringing, Malcolm X led protests that differed which ended with his assassination. His protesting didn’t startRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.† (Famous civil-rights†¦) As Martin Luther King, Jr. said, the â€Å"measure† of a man comes not when things are going well, but when things are times are challenging. In the time of the Civil Rights movement, lots of African American people were measured by how they managed difficult situations. The Civil rights movement had many influential leaders andRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesWho is Malcolm X? Answers tend to vary by person but in the â€Å"Autobiography of Malcolm X†, it really delved into the pivotal details of his life and readers like myself, went on an enthralling metaphorical journey to see the intriguing development of him as a child, a young adult, a convict, a follower, and ultimately a leader. For starters, Malcolm X was not born with the infamous and famous X. His birth name was Malcolm Little and the innocent Malcolm Little was very belittled (pun intended) inRead MoreComparing Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Martin Luther King and Malcolm X are to diverse individuals with two opposite personalities but both successfully succeeded in achieving freedom and bringing equality to black Americans discriminated against for many years even after the abolishment of slavery. Martin Luther King was born in 1929, in Georgia, Atlanta. Unlike the other black people in the southern states he was different he grew up in well off family who wasRead More The Black Community Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pagestook nearly 240 years for slavery to end in 1865(Ronald, , para. 3).These helpless slaves were taken to America and put to work growing anything from cotton to tobacco. Slaves had absolutely no rights. They were simply property of their â€Å"Massa’.† Being disrespectful to a white man could get a Negro killed and they just accepted the facts of the matter. The south was the most notorious in its treatment of slaves and slaves would run away. It was a big risk, but a slave that made it to a free stateRead MoreEssay Malcom X/Nation of Islam1489 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieved that Fard was actually god, in the form of man. Elijah Poole, later known as Elijah Muhammad, took over the Nation of Islam after Fard’s disappearance in 1934. One Nation of Islam follower widely known for his work was Malcolm X. Malcolm X was born on May 19, 1925 under the name Malcolm Little, the fourth child of Rev. Earl and Louise Little. Malcolm’s father was of Baptist faith that preached on Sundays, and supported Universal Negro Improvement Association and Marcus Garvey, a stirring oratorRead MoreMalcolm X and the Civil Rights Movement Essay730 Words   |  3 Pagesinfluential figures in the raise the freedom. They work to protect individuals from discrimination. A brave yet different civil rights leader was Malcolm X. Malcolm X was a very controversial character in his time. If there was any one man who demonstrated the anger, the struggle, and the beliefs of African Americans in the 1960s, that man was Malcolm X. El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz was an African-American Muslim minister and a human rights activist. Malcolm X’s (also know as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz) wasRead More Malcolm X Essay1737 Words   |  7 PagesMalcolm X The fifties and sixties were a crazy time to live; riots were happening, many Civil Rights Movement leaders were speaking in the streets, and student sit-ins were held. Many radical activists were preaching their thoughts on racism and things needed for equality. Some people felt it necessary to turn the other cheek to violence while others claimed it to be a right to defend themselves. The major figures in the Civil Rights Movement had their own opinions on how to equalize society.

Tax File Memo Harpers Hideaways

Question: Discuss about theTax File Memofor Harpers Hideaways. Answer: Memorandum Facts Caleb currently works full time in Harpers Hideaways. He used to work as a full time manager in Ski n Sports. In addition to this, Caleb also worked as a ski instructor only for the winters with the Wolf Creek. Calebs father died in 2013, he became very depressed and planned starting a business of guide and retreat in the inherited property of them mother in Pagosa spring. Caleb had prior experience so he worked in a very involved and enthusiastic manner in the new business, Harper Hideaways. Caleb engaged advertising agencies for promoting the business and in addition, they carried out online campaigns as well. In order to run the business competently Caleb invested in developing a slick website so that orders can be booked online. In addition to this he also purchased for the business the rafts, kayaks, tents etc. This all equipments were very expensive so in spite of having a regular flow of customer Caleb lost money in the business. The business in which Caleb is engaged is also his hobby so there is confusion that if the activities are treated as hobby then the loss will not be allowed as deduction. Issue In this case, the issue is to ascertain whether the activity the carried on by Caleb is business or hobby. In addition, it is also required to be determined whether the loss from Harper Hideaway is deductible. Rules Internal Revenue Code Section 183 Internal Revenue Code Section 162 Internal Revenue Code Section 212 Internal Revenue code section 162 Treasury Regulations 1.183-1 Treasury Regulations 1.183-2 Revenue Ruling 55-258 Revenue Ruling 75-14 Revenue Ruling 77-230 Revenue Ruling 2004-32 Analysis The section 162 provides that a deduction can be claimed for all the ordinary and necessary activity carried on by the business. The amount of deduction that can be claimed as deduction on depends on the provisions of section 183. The Section 183 Activities not engaged in for profit of the Internal Revenue Code, states that if an individual or corporation is engaged in an activity not for making profit then in such cases no expenses or losses attributable to the activity is allowed as deduction except that is provided in the section (Jones et al., 2014). The section 183 (b) provides that deduction will be limited to the amount of income generated by the business activity and the maximum limit of additional deduction allowed is 2% of annual gross income. Therefore, in order to determine the amount of allowable deduction it is important to ascertain whether the activity is business or hobby (Hoffman Smith, 2014). Nine factors are listed under Regulations 1.183-2 (b) to ascertain whether the taxpayer is engaged in business or hobby. These nine factors are discussed below: The manner in which the activity is conducted by the taxpayer. It is firstly important to ascertain whether the taxpayer in a businesslike manner conducts the activities. This can be established if the taxpayer maintains a separate bank account for the activity, maintains separate books of accounts and acting in the same manner as a profitable entity (Palan, 2016). In the given case, Caleb maintained the accounts in QuickBooks that helped him to track the expenses and income. Therefore, this condition is satisfied. The Expertise or Knowledge of the Taxpayer It is important that the operator of the business should have extensive knowledge about the activities of the business. It is an important factor for determining the business. Caleb was highly experienced and had deep knowledge of the business. Therefore, Caleb also fulfills this condition of having experience. The Time and Effort of the Taxpayer TIn order to determine whether the activity is business or hobby it is important to determine the time and effort that the taxpayer is devoting in the activity. If the taxpayer is dedicating more time and effort in the activity then it can be said that the taxpayer is engaged in the business with the intention of making profit (Strine, 2015). In this case, Caleb has sacrificed full time job for the business and is always engaged in the different activity of the business. It can be said that as the Caleb is putting more time and effort therefore it can be said that he is engaged in business activity with the intention of making profit. It is Expected that the Assets will Increase Value These factors considered that though there may be initial loss in the activity but the taxpayer can engage in the activity with the intention of making profit with the increase in value of the assets. In such cases, the activity will be considered as business activity. Calebs venture Harpers highway has made loss initially but Caleb is planning to purchase more equipment and renovate the property. Therefore, it can be said that Caleb believes the assets will increase value so it can be said as business activity. The Success in other Activities Undertaken by the Taxpayer In this factor, it is important to consider whether the taxpayer has the ability to convert the loss making activity into a profitable activity. It is ascertained by comparing the performance of the taxpayer in the related activities (Gale Brown, 2013). Caleb has performed full time and part-time jobs successfully. Therefore, it can be said that Caleb has the ability to convert it into profitable business so it is a business. The Historical Income and Loss from the Activity It is not necessarily true that if any activity leads to profit then it is engaged for profitable purpose and if it leads to loss then the activity is not engaged in the profitable purpose. It is therefore important to consider this factor. There is no historical profit and loss as the business has just started initially and in the current year, it has suffered loss. The Occasional Profit and Losses According to the section 183-2(b)(7) The amount of profit in relation to the amount of losses incurred, and in relation to the amount of the taxpayers investment and the value of the assets used in the activity, may provide useful criteria in determining the taxpayers intent. In accordance with the section, 183(d) if an activity has gross income in the three or four years in last 5 years then in such cases, it will be assumed that the taxpayer is engaged in the business for making profit (Meese Oman, 2014). This rule is not currently applicable in this case. The Financial Status of the Taxpayer In accordance with this factor, the income from other sources will help to ascertain whether the taxpayer is engaged in the activity as hobby or business. Caleb has no other sources of income and is currently involved only in this activity so it is a business. The Activity Engaged for Personal Recreation In this regulation, it is indicated that the personal motive means that the activity is not engaged as a business. The motive is an important factor if the taxpayer engages in an activity for the purpose of making profit then it is a business activity. In this case, Caleb has the motive of making Harpers Highway profitable as he has left fulltime work and is currently only working in this venture. It should be noted that not the individual factors but the overall factors are considered to determine the nature of the activity. Conclusion Based on the analysis above and facts of the case it can be concluded that the Caleb is engaged in business activity and not hobby therefore the loss will be allowed as deduction without any limitations. The reason for the conclusion is that as per the requirement of section 183 Caleb has sufficient knowledge of the activity and has engaged experts to conduct various activities in a professional manner. The Caleb does not have any other sources of income and is completely engaged in the activity. The most important regulation is also satisfied Caleb maintains the accounts of the business in accounting software quick. Therefore based on this facts and the nine factors under section 183 it can be concluded that the Caleb is engaged in business activity. Reference Gale, W. G., Brown, S. (2013). Small business, innovation, and tax policy: A review.Innovation, and Tax Policy: A Review (April 8, 2013). Hoffman, W. H., Smith, J. E. (2014).South-Western Federal Taxation 2015: Individual Income Taxes. Cengage Learning. Jones, C. R., Usrey, S. C., Webb, T. Z. (2014). Taxation of Gambling in the United States: Comparing the Current System with Two Alternatives.The ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research,12(2), 34-53. Meese, A. J., Oman, N. B. (2014, May). Hobby Lobby, Corporate Law, and the Theory of the Firm: Why For-Profit Corporations Are RFRA Persons. InHarvard Law Review Forum(Vol. 127, p. 273). Palan, R. (2016). 9 Corporate power in a global economy.Susan Strange and the Future of Global Political Economy: Power, Control and Transformation, 152. Strine Jr, L. E. (2015). Job Is Not a Hobby: The Judicial Revival of Corporate Paternalism and Its Problematic Implications, A.J. Corp. L.,41, 71.

Media Relations

Introduction Public relations (PR) refers to the process of presenting information to the public by an individual or an organization through appropriately managed channels (Henslowe 34). It involves dispensation of information in different forms such as blogging, educational websites, and social media by.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Companies use PR to market themselves to the public through persuasion. They convince investors, employees, stakeholders, partners, and the public to hold a certain viewpoint about their services or products, leadership or management system (Henslowe 36). Activities that are commonly associated with PR include awards, invitation to address conferences, and collaborations with the press on projects that affect the welfare of the public. How has Wikipedia (celebrating 10+ years) affected PR practices? Many PR firms use Wikipedia to pr ovide information to the public. However, there have been criticisms of bias in the information given by both individuals and organizations. Wikipedia’s celebrations have reiterated their effort to provide the public with accurate and unbiased information (Henslowe 33). Wikipedia has revolutionalized PR practices because of its unique model of presenting information. It allows people to edit offensive, inadequate, or biased information (Duhe 26). However, there is conflict of interest in cases where clients contract PR firms to edit certain information on their behalf. In addition, Wikipedia has streamlined the process of information delivery on the internet because it allows individuals to add or delete unwanted information (Duhe 27). This has increased the possibility of obtaining accurate and reliable information on the internet. Moreover, verification of information by editors improves the accuracy of information. Wikipedia has established policies that control content on their website (Duhe 28). This ensures that individuals do not manipulate information that they publish at their own will. In addition, their guidelines on conflict of interest ensure that clients do not misuse the website by adding biased information that is directed towards their competitors (Duhe 31). Wikipedia has affected PR practices significantly. How has social media changed the PR field? Social media has changed the field of public relations immensely. It has changed how people gather and share information, and how they communicate. It has increased the speed of gathering and sharing information (Nelson par5). For example, PR professionals have access to loads of information that help them to solve a variety of problems. Companies can collect information from customers about a certain product or service through social media. For instance, Twitter and Facebook are important resources used by companies to collect vital information that help them to develop plans and strategie s.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has also changed the dynamics of journalism. Journalists and PR professionals can easily obtain information online without necessarily going out in the field (Breakenridge 62). Moreover, with the advent of social media, information became readily available online. People can share information easily because it is fast and reliable. Information is gathered firsthand from targeted people instead of secondary sources. What is media bias? Find examples Media bias refers to the action of forcing a certain viewpoint on people by giving distorted or misleading information in order to promote a certain ideal (Ruschmann 41). As such, media bias is exhibited by either print or digital media companies. An individual journalist rarely exhibits it. Media bias is a common phenomenon in journalism because of differences in views, opinions, and interp retation of information. An example of media bias is the exclusion of viewpoints of a certain story covered in the media. The media may incline towards one side of the story and as a result give information that supports their viewpoint. The media has been accused of bias in almost every instance it gives information to the public. However, presenting all the views on a particular topic of discussion is difficult because people approach issues and synthesize information differently (Ruschmann 41). Therefore, it is difficult to present all viewpoints without excluding some. For example, minor political parties in the United States express their concern that the media focuses its attention on the two major parties: Democrats and Republicans. This constitutes media bias because they have a right to be heard and represented by the media. In addition, the media ignores their viewpoints on matters that are important to the public and instead concentrate on the viewpoints of the two major political parties (Sloan and MacKay 56). Conclusion Public relations refer to the process of presenting information to the public by an individual or an organization through appropriately managed channels. It is used by companies to create organizational images that portray them positively to the public. The media has played a significant role in changing the PR field. It has increased speed of information gathering and sharing. In addition, it has changed the way people communicate. Media bias is one of the challenges of PR. It involves presenting information that leans towards one side of certain situations while neglecting other sides. For example, the media focuses attention on major political parties and neglects minor parties. Media bias is common in political and religious circles. Works Cited Breakenridge, Deirde. Social Media and Public Relations: Eight New Practices for the  PR Professional. New York: FT Press, 2012. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sa mple on Media Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Duhe, Sandra. New Media and Public Relations. New York: Peter Lang, 2007. Print. Henslowe, Philip. Public Relations: a Practical Guide to the Basics. New York: Kogan Page Publishers, 2003. Print. Nelson, Kristin. Social Media: Shaping Public Relations since 1970. 10 Oct. 2012. Web. http://platformmagazine.org/2012/10/11/social-media-shaping-public-relations-since-1970/. Ruschmann, Paul. Media Bias. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009. Print. Sloan, William, and MacKay Jenn. Media Bias: Finding it and Fixing it. New York: McFarland, 2007. Print. This essay on Media Relations was written and submitted by user Th0mas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.