Wednesday, December 25, 2019
Essay on Does Utilitarianism Lead to Extreme Self Sacrifice
The principal of utility is to maximize the happiness in ones self by using benefits misusing the harms. It acts as to produce advantage, pleasure, good or happiness and the greatest net balance of benefits over harms for all affected impartially. In Utilitarianism, J.S. Mill was trying to show that actions and institutions should increase the overall amount of happiness in the world, and stressed the importance of utilitarianism as the first principle in ethics. Happiness should be judged, not only by pleasure, but by pain as well, Mill believes that a person should always seek to gain pleasure and reject pain. According to Smart, the act-utilitarian is to regard rules as mere rules of thumb, and will use them only as rough guides.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦If someone is not found in responsible for the crime, the angry mob will own there own revenge on a much smaller and quite vulnerable section of the community. If the judge knows that the real culprit is unknown and that the authorities do not even have a good clue as to who he may be. The judge could frame a disliked and useless man who though innocent could easily be framed in order to save the community from the mob. The mob would believe that this man would be the one responsible for the wrong doing and after his execution would not take revenge on the community. ââ¬Å"Most of us regard such a framing and execution of such a man in such circumstances as totally unacceptable.â⬠(Nielsen, 150) In such a case some critics would say that an act-utilitarian may find it difficult because by framing the innocent man would actually be the right choice. By framing him, it will satisfy the angry mob and indeed save the community from bloody savage and revenge. However, Nielsen argues that a reasonable act-utilitarian could conclude that framing an innocent person would not be the rational act. If the magistrate were a tough minded but morally conscientious consequentialist, he could refuse to frame and execute the innocent man, even knowing that this would unleash the mob and cause much suffering and many deaths. The rational for his particular moral stand would be that, if he framed andShow MoreRelatedThe Element Of Moral Philosophy By James Rachels1161 Words à |à 5 Pages In the book, ââ¬Å"The Element of Moral Philosophyâ⬠, James Rachels explores the several criticisms of Utilitarianism. In this essay, I will touch on these criticisms, outlining the major implications they propose to Utilitarianism. I will also explain why many of the notions proposed against Utilitarianism are self-serving, and instead serve to improve the general good of a minority population, which contradicts the Utilitarian theory of equating moral aptit ude to the general good of a majority populationRead MoreUtilitarianism vs. Individualism1366 Words à |à 6 PagesUtilitarianism vs. Individualism Arguments for utilitarianism and individualism will never end. The essence of utilitarianism, pleasure is the chief end of life and the greatest happiness for the greatest number should be the ultimate goal of human beings, has always been a crucial matter of concern and controversy. It is regarded as an exploit of peopleââ¬â¢s freedom and individualism. However, individualism is deemed as an ignorance of teamwork. We cannot simply tell which one is superior to theRead MoreExamples Of Utilitarianism And The Trolley Problem1208 Words à |à 5 PagesUtilitarianism and The Trolley Problem Utilitarianism is an ethical principle that states that everyone should act in the way that will bring out the most good for the majority. If this were true then most people would make the decision to save five people even if it required murder or one. The Trolley Problem dives right into this core issue by describing a decision making scenario. Utilitarianism is damaged as an ethical theory because it oversimplifies this decision, and other decisions likeRead MoreDifference Between Virtue Ethics, Kantian And Utilitarianism977 Words à |à 4 PagesBefore we get to the premises of my argument, I would like to distinguish the difference between virtue ethics, Kantian deontology and utilitarianism. Unlike virtue ethics, Kantian and utilitarianism tell us what our duty is to our fellow human beings. In utilitarianism the goal is to increase happiness for the greatest number of people. This often requires self-sacrifice and it can be quite demanding to figure out what decision will hav e the best consequence and the most happiness. Kantian ethics, onRead More1A.The First False Statement States ââ¬Å"Rule-Utilitarianism1897 Words à |à 8 Pages1A. The first false statement states ââ¬Å"Rule-utilitarianism is just about following the rules that are in place. If society has a rule against doing something, then a rule-utilitarian will always agree that you should not do that.â⬠I find this to be false because rule utilitarianism is not just about following the rules or about simply looking at the consequences. Utilitarianism itself is about doing the morally right action, this should be the action which produces the most positive balance of goodwillRead MoreUtilitarianism Versus Rawls Versus Nozick2479 Words à |à 10 PagesUtilitarianism is fine if your among the winners justice is better if you are not Utilitarianism is the moral philosophy that the morally right action is that which leads to the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. The term justice means getting what you deserve both good and bad. However there is significant disagreement between justice theorists as to what causes who to deserve what. In this essay I will be discussing John Rawls concept of contract justice and Robert NozicksRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words à |à 5 Pagesstory. Some names include the Puritan spiritual advisor Anne Hutchinson, who is banished for speaking out against Christian beliefs and traditions, the founder of behaviorism John B. Watson, and Jeremy Bentham the founder of modern utilitarianism. Shirley Jackson also does a great job of making the traditions and lifestyle of the villagers very distinct from one another; as well as, making the location of the village unknown. They have modern celebrations, yet they resort to barbaric methods to ensureRead More John Stuart Mill s Views On Morality1402 Words à |à 6 Pagessatisfaction. Millââ¬â¢s views on morality is utilitarianism, which is centered mainly on pleasure and happiness. Everyone can agree that feeling pain is bad and that happiness is a good thing. He emphasizes that actions that maximizes pleasure and decreases pain for the greatest number is right. Mills does not necessarily mean personally happiness, as that is a common misconception of utility, whereas he means happiness for the greater number of people. Which leads to examples in the aspect of sacrificingRead MoreWe Should Set Limits On Moral Obligation1398 Words à |à 6 Pagesmuch can it ask of us to sacrifice for others? This question had placed great influence on Zell Kravinsky story and it is important we evaluate his arguments for moral obligation can ask of us. In this essay I intend to recognize the infraction that moral obligation puts on decisions such as ââ¬Ënondirectedââ¬â¢ organ donation. The boundary Zell Kravinsky set an moral obligation should be avoided because his actions were not entirely moral, and placed harm on his well-being. Zell does limit to the amount ofRead More The Fight for Human Rights Essay3126 Words à |à 13 Pagessecurity-for-rights compromise. Though their respective theories vary greatly in theory and in practice, they provide models to condemn this exchange. Nevertheless, each differs in the persuasiveness and effectiveness of their tools for argumentation. Millââ¬â¢s utilitarianism, Nozickââ¬â¢s libertarianism, and Rawlsââ¬â¢ egalitarian liberalism reject the tradeoff of security for a majority in exchange for the violation of the rights a minority. John Stuart Mill outlines a sometimes dubious plan for protecting rights and lacks
Tuesday, December 17, 2019
The Most Famous Works Malcolm X - 1855 Words
Of the people who are praised upon in history, some men are remembered for their intelligent minds, while other others are criticized for leaving a disappointing past behind. Its easy to remember some of the impacts the great men left, but often enough the men who have the biggest impact are some how forgotten. This is the way people remember Malcolm X. He had influenced many Blacks to stand up for their rights against the inequality by the American government. He has often been criticized for his stances that look like radicalism, while on the other side he has been praised for his attempts in raising the class status, and equality for Blacks. He is often heard about in this modern day through his powerful speeches and readings, and one of his most famous works Malcolm X: By Any Means Necessary. His readings often focused around pointing out the inequality of blacks, there was no sense of settlement especially for the strong civil rights leaders, this was no fight for equality, it w as a life style and pursue of happiness. The cultural movement during the 20ââ¬â¢s lost its power in the 30ââ¬â¢s because of the depression. The Great Depression turned away attention from cultural and equality matters to economic. Even prior to the market crash of 1929, poverty and joblessness among blacks was remarkably high. It was under these tricky circumstances that during this time Malcolm X was still in his youth. Malcolm X was a very notorious mind in his time. He grew up in a big family. HisShow MoreRelatedA Closer Look at Malcolm Xs Tactics Essay994 Words à |à 4 Pages Malcolm X was a civil right activist in the 1960. Malcolm Xââ¬â¢s public speech, ââ¬Å"The Ballot or the Bullet,â⬠was a famous speech that motivated black communities to push for their civil right. Malcolm X was a radical and an advocate of violence. The purpose of Malcolm X speech was to convince his audience and the black community to come together as one and fight for their civil rights in America. He also convinces his audie nce to be more aware of how the government is treating them. Malcolm X uses ethosRead MoreEssay on Exploring the Autobiography of Malcom X1068 Words à |à 5 Pagesany means necessary. These words were spoken by Malcolm X, a civil rights leader and political activist. He is also the main character, narrator, and author of the Autobiography of Malcolm X. The autobiography takes place in various cities in the United States, such as Omaha, New York, and Detroit, as well as the Middle East, and Africa. Considering the type of literature this is, it is obvious to state that Malcolm X is the main character. Malcolm X, as a child, was intelligent and popular amongstRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement: Malcolm X1135 Words à |à 5 PagesDuring the Civil Rights Movement, there was a famous leader whose protests were peaceful and non-violent. That man was Martian Luther King Jr., but many people have never heard of another Civil Rights leader. Even though his protests were different than Kingââ¬â¢s protests, he did his part and help with equality. This man was Malcolm Little, more famously known as Malcolm X. After a rough upbringing, Malcolm X led protests that differed which ended with his assassination. His protesting didnââ¬â¢t startRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement Essay1269 Words à |à 6 Pagesââ¬Å"The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.â⬠(Famous civil-rightsâ⬠¦) As Martin Luther King, Jr. said, the ââ¬Å"measureâ⬠of a man comes not when things are going well, but when things are times are challenging. In the time of the Civil Rights movement, lots of African American people were measured by how they managed difficult situations. The Civil rights movement had many influential leaders andRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X Essay1369 Words à |à 6 PagesWho is Malcolm X? Answers tend to vary by person but in the ââ¬Å"Autobiography of Malcolm Xâ⬠, it really delved into the pivotal details of his life and readers like myself, went on an enthralling metaphorical journey to see the intriguing development of him as a child, a young adult, a convict, a follower, and ultimately a leader. For starters, Malcolm X was not born with the infamous and famous X. His birth name was Malcolm Little and the innocent Malcolm Little was very belittled (pun intended) inRead MoreComparing Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Essay782 Words à |à 4 PagesComparing Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Martin Luther King and Malcolm X are to diverse individuals with two opposite personalities but both successfully succeeded in achieving freedom and bringing equality to black Americans discriminated against for many years even after the abolishment of slavery. Martin Luther King was born in 1929, in Georgia, Atlanta. Unlike the other black people in the southern states he was different he grew up in well off family who wasRead More The Black Community Essay1212 Words à |à 5 Pagestook nearly 240 years for slavery to end in 1865(Ronald, , para. 3).These helpless slaves were taken to America and put to work growing anything from cotton to tobacco. Slaves had absolutely no rights. They were simply property of their ââ¬Å"Massaââ¬â¢.â⬠Being disrespectful to a white man could get a Negro killed and they just accepted the facts of the matter. The south was the most notorious in its treatment of slaves and slaves would run away. It was a big risk, but a slave that made it to a free stateRead MoreEssay Malcom X/Nation of Islam1489 Words à |à 6 Pagesbelieved that Fard was actually god, in the form of man. Elijah Poole, later known as Elijah Muhammad, took over the Nation of Islam after Fardââ¬â¢s disappearance in 1934. One Nation of Islam follower widely known for his work was Malcolm X. Malcolm X was born on May 19, 1925 under the name Malcolm Little, the fourth child of Rev. Earl and Louise Little. Malcolmââ¬â¢s father was of Baptist faith that preached on Sundays, and supported Universal Negro Improvement Association and Marcus Garvey, a stirring oratorRead MoreMalcolm X and the Civil Rights Movement Essay730 Words à |à 3 Pagesinfluential figures in the raise the freedom. They work to protect individuals from discrimination. A brave yet different civil rights leader was Malcolm X. Malcolm X was a very controversial character in his time. If there was any one man who demonstrated the anger, the struggle, and the beliefs of African Americans in the 1960s, that man was Malcolm X. El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz was an African-American Muslim minister and a human rights activist. Malcolm Xââ¬â¢s (also know as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz) wasRead More Malcolm X Essay1737 Words à |à 7 PagesMalcolm X The fifties and sixties were a crazy time to live; riots were happening, many Civil Rights Movement leaders were speaking in the streets, and student sit-ins were held. Many radical activists were preaching their thoughts on racism and things needed for equality. Some people felt it necessary to turn the other cheek to violence while others claimed it to be a right to defend themselves. The major figures in the Civil Rights Movement had their own opinions on how to equalize society.
Monday, December 9, 2019
Tax File Memo Harpers Hideaways
Question: Discuss about theTax File Memofor Harpers Hideaways. Answer: Memorandum Facts Caleb currently works full time in Harpers Hideaways. He used to work as a full time manager in Ski n Sports. In addition to this, Caleb also worked as a ski instructor only for the winters with the Wolf Creek. Calebs father died in 2013, he became very depressed and planned starting a business of guide and retreat in the inherited property of them mother in Pagosa spring. Caleb had prior experience so he worked in a very involved and enthusiastic manner in the new business, Harper Hideaways. Caleb engaged advertising agencies for promoting the business and in addition, they carried out online campaigns as well. In order to run the business competently Caleb invested in developing a slick website so that orders can be booked online. In addition to this he also purchased for the business the rafts, kayaks, tents etc. This all equipments were very expensive so in spite of having a regular flow of customer Caleb lost money in the business. The business in which Caleb is engaged is also his hobby so there is confusion that if the activities are treated as hobby then the loss will not be allowed as deduction. Issue In this case, the issue is to ascertain whether the activity the carried on by Caleb is business or hobby. In addition, it is also required to be determined whether the loss from Harper Hideaway is deductible. Rules Internal Revenue Code Section 183 Internal Revenue Code Section 162 Internal Revenue Code Section 212 Internal Revenue code section 162 Treasury Regulations 1.183-1 Treasury Regulations 1.183-2 Revenue Ruling 55-258 Revenue Ruling 75-14 Revenue Ruling 77-230 Revenue Ruling 2004-32 Analysis The section 162 provides that a deduction can be claimed for all the ordinary and necessary activity carried on by the business. The amount of deduction that can be claimed as deduction on depends on the provisions of section 183. The Section 183 Activities not engaged in for profit of the Internal Revenue Code, states that if an individual or corporation is engaged in an activity not for making profit then in such cases no expenses or losses attributable to the activity is allowed as deduction except that is provided in the section (Jones et al., 2014). The section 183 (b) provides that deduction will be limited to the amount of income generated by the business activity and the maximum limit of additional deduction allowed is 2% of annual gross income. Therefore, in order to determine the amount of allowable deduction it is important to ascertain whether the activity is business or hobby (Hoffman Smith, 2014). Nine factors are listed under Regulations 1.183-2 (b) to ascertain whether the taxpayer is engaged in business or hobby. These nine factors are discussed below: The manner in which the activity is conducted by the taxpayer. It is firstly important to ascertain whether the taxpayer in a businesslike manner conducts the activities. This can be established if the taxpayer maintains a separate bank account for the activity, maintains separate books of accounts and acting in the same manner as a profitable entity (Palan, 2016). In the given case, Caleb maintained the accounts in QuickBooks that helped him to track the expenses and income. Therefore, this condition is satisfied. The Expertise or Knowledge of the Taxpayer It is important that the operator of the business should have extensive knowledge about the activities of the business. It is an important factor for determining the business. Caleb was highly experienced and had deep knowledge of the business. Therefore, Caleb also fulfills this condition of having experience. The Time and Effort of the Taxpayer TIn order to determine whether the activity is business or hobby it is important to determine the time and effort that the taxpayer is devoting in the activity. If the taxpayer is dedicating more time and effort in the activity then it can be said that the taxpayer is engaged in the business with the intention of making profit (Strine, 2015). In this case, Caleb has sacrificed full time job for the business and is always engaged in the different activity of the business. It can be said that as the Caleb is putting more time and effort therefore it can be said that he is engaged in business activity with the intention of making profit. It is Expected that the Assets will Increase Value These factors considered that though there may be initial loss in the activity but the taxpayer can engage in the activity with the intention of making profit with the increase in value of the assets. In such cases, the activity will be considered as business activity. Calebs venture Harpers highway has made loss initially but Caleb is planning to purchase more equipment and renovate the property. Therefore, it can be said that Caleb believes the assets will increase value so it can be said as business activity. The Success in other Activities Undertaken by the Taxpayer In this factor, it is important to consider whether the taxpayer has the ability to convert the loss making activity into a profitable activity. It is ascertained by comparing the performance of the taxpayer in the related activities (Gale Brown, 2013). Caleb has performed full time and part-time jobs successfully. Therefore, it can be said that Caleb has the ability to convert it into profitable business so it is a business. The Historical Income and Loss from the Activity It is not necessarily true that if any activity leads to profit then it is engaged for profitable purpose and if it leads to loss then the activity is not engaged in the profitable purpose. It is therefore important to consider this factor. There is no historical profit and loss as the business has just started initially and in the current year, it has suffered loss. The Occasional Profit and Losses According to the section 183-2(b)(7) The amount of profit in relation to the amount of losses incurred, and in relation to the amount of the taxpayers investment and the value of the assets used in the activity, may provide useful criteria in determining the taxpayers intent. In accordance with the section, 183(d) if an activity has gross income in the three or four years in last 5 years then in such cases, it will be assumed that the taxpayer is engaged in the business for making profit (Meese Oman, 2014). This rule is not currently applicable in this case. The Financial Status of the Taxpayer In accordance with this factor, the income from other sources will help to ascertain whether the taxpayer is engaged in the activity as hobby or business. Caleb has no other sources of income and is currently involved only in this activity so it is a business. The Activity Engaged for Personal Recreation In this regulation, it is indicated that the personal motive means that the activity is not engaged as a business. The motive is an important factor if the taxpayer engages in an activity for the purpose of making profit then it is a business activity. In this case, Caleb has the motive of making Harpers Highway profitable as he has left fulltime work and is currently only working in this venture. It should be noted that not the individual factors but the overall factors are considered to determine the nature of the activity. Conclusion Based on the analysis above and facts of the case it can be concluded that the Caleb is engaged in business activity and not hobby therefore the loss will be allowed as deduction without any limitations. The reason for the conclusion is that as per the requirement of section 183 Caleb has sufficient knowledge of the activity and has engaged experts to conduct various activities in a professional manner. The Caleb does not have any other sources of income and is completely engaged in the activity. The most important regulation is also satisfied Caleb maintains the accounts of the business in accounting software quick. Therefore based on this facts and the nine factors under section 183 it can be concluded that the Caleb is engaged in business activity. Reference Gale, W. G., Brown, S. (2013). Small business, innovation, and tax policy: A review.Innovation, and Tax Policy: A Review (April 8, 2013). Hoffman, W. H., Smith, J. E. (2014).South-Western Federal Taxation 2015: Individual Income Taxes. Cengage Learning. Jones, C. R., Usrey, S. C., Webb, T. Z. (2014). Taxation of Gambling in the United States: Comparing the Current System with Two Alternatives.The ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research,12(2), 34-53. Meese, A. J., Oman, N. B. (2014, May). Hobby Lobby, Corporate Law, and the Theory of the Firm: Why For-Profit Corporations Are RFRA Persons. InHarvard Law Review Forum(Vol. 127, p. 273). Palan, R. (2016). 9 Corporate power in a global economy.Susan Strange and the Future of Global Political Economy: Power, Control and Transformation, 152. Strine Jr, L. E. (2015). Job Is Not a Hobby: The Judicial Revival of Corporate Paternalism and Its Problematic Implications, A.J. Corp. L.,41, 71.
Monday, December 2, 2019
Media Relations
Introduction Public relations (PR) refers to the process of presenting information to the public by an individual or an organization through appropriately managed channels (Henslowe 34). It involves dispensation of information in different forms such as blogging, educational websites, and social media by.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Companies use PR to market themselves to the public through persuasion. They convince investors, employees, stakeholders, partners, and the public to hold a certain viewpoint about their services or products, leadership or management system (Henslowe 36). Activities that are commonly associated with PR include awards, invitation to address conferences, and collaborations with the press on projects that affect the welfare of the public. How has Wikipedia (celebrating 10+ years) affected PR practices? Many PR firms use Wikipedia to pr ovide information to the public. However, there have been criticisms of bias in the information given by both individuals and organizations. Wikipediaââ¬â¢s celebrations have reiterated their effort to provide the public with accurate and unbiased information (Henslowe 33). Wikipedia has revolutionalized PR practices because of its unique model of presenting information. It allows people to edit offensive, inadequate, or biased information (Duhe 26). However, there is conflict of interest in cases where clients contract PR firms to edit certain information on their behalf. In addition, Wikipedia has streamlined the process of information delivery on the internet because it allows individuals to add or delete unwanted information (Duhe 27). This has increased the possibility of obtaining accurate and reliable information on the internet. Moreover, verification of information by editors improves the accuracy of information. Wikipedia has established policies that control content on their website (Duhe 28). This ensures that individuals do not manipulate information that they publish at their own will. In addition, their guidelines on conflict of interest ensure that clients do not misuse the website by adding biased information that is directed towards their competitors (Duhe 31). Wikipedia has affected PR practices significantly. How has social media changed the PR field? Social media has changed the field of public relations immensely. It has changed how people gather and share information, and how they communicate. It has increased the speed of gathering and sharing information (Nelson par5). For example, PR professionals have access to loads of information that help them to solve a variety of problems. Companies can collect information from customers about a certain product or service through social media. For instance, Twitter and Facebook are important resources used by companies to collect vital information that help them to develop plans and strategie s.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has also changed the dynamics of journalism. Journalists and PR professionals can easily obtain information online without necessarily going out in the field (Breakenridge 62). Moreover, with the advent of social media, information became readily available online. People can share information easily because it is fast and reliable. Information is gathered firsthand from targeted people instead of secondary sources. What is media bias? Find examples Media bias refers to the action of forcing a certain viewpoint on people by giving distorted or misleading information in order to promote a certain ideal (Ruschmann 41). As such, media bias is exhibited by either print or digital media companies. An individual journalist rarely exhibits it. Media bias is a common phenomenon in journalism because of differences in views, opinions, and interp retation of information. An example of media bias is the exclusion of viewpoints of a certain story covered in the media. The media may incline towards one side of the story and as a result give information that supports their viewpoint. The media has been accused of bias in almost every instance it gives information to the public. However, presenting all the views on a particular topic of discussion is difficult because people approach issues and synthesize information differently (Ruschmann 41). Therefore, it is difficult to present all viewpoints without excluding some. For example, minor political parties in the United States express their concern that the media focuses its attention on the two major parties: Democrats and Republicans. This constitutes media bias because they have a right to be heard and represented by the media. In addition, the media ignores their viewpoints on matters that are important to the public and instead concentrate on the viewpoints of the two major political parties (Sloan and MacKay 56). Conclusion Public relations refer to the process of presenting information to the public by an individual or an organization through appropriately managed channels. It is used by companies to create organizational images that portray them positively to the public. The media has played a significant role in changing the PR field. It has increased speed of information gathering and sharing. In addition, it has changed the way people communicate. Media bias is one of the challenges of PR. It involves presenting information that leans towards one side of certain situations while neglecting other sides. For example, the media focuses attention on major political parties and neglects minor parties. Media bias is common in political and religious circles. Works Cited Breakenridge, Deirde. Social Media and Public Relations: Eight New Practices for theà PR Professional. New York: FT Press, 2012. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sa mple on Media Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Duhe, Sandra. New Media and Public Relations. New York: Peter Lang, 2007. Print. Henslowe, Philip. Public Relations: a Practical Guide to the Basics. New York: Kogan Page Publishers, 2003. Print. Nelson, Kristin. Social Media: Shaping Public Relations since 1970. 10 Oct. 2012. Web. http://platformmagazine.org/2012/10/11/social-media-shaping-public-relations-since-1970/. Ruschmann, Paul. Media Bias. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009. Print. Sloan, William, and MacKay Jenn. Media Bias: Finding it and Fixing it. New York: McFarland, 2007. Print. This essay on Media Relations was written and submitted by user Th0mas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.
Tuesday, November 26, 2019
Medieval Childbirth and Baptism
Medieval Childbirth and Baptism The concept of childhood in the middle ages and the importance of the child in medieval society is not to be overlooked in history. It is fairly clear from the laws designed specifically for the care of children that childhood was recognized as a distinct phase of development and that, contrary to modern folklore, children were not treated as nor expected to behave as adults. Laws regarding the rights of orphans are among the pieces of evidence we have that children had value in society, as well. It is difficult to imagine that in a society where so much value was placed on children, and so much hope was invested in a couples ability to produce children, children would regularly suffer from a lack of attention or affection. Yet this is the charge that has often been made against medieval families. While there have been- and continue to be- cases of child abuse and neglect in western society, to take individual incidents as indicative of an entire culture would be an irresponsible approach to history. Instead, let us look at how society in general regarded the treatment of children. As we take a closer look at childbirth and baptism, well see that, in most families, children were warmly and happily welcomed into the medieval world. Childbirth in the Middle Ages Because the foremost reason for marriage at any level of medieval society was to produce children, the birth of a baby was usually a cause for joy. Yet there was also an element of anxiety. While the childbirth mortality rate is probably not as high as folklore would have it, à there was still a possibility of complications, including birth defects or a breech birth, as well as the death of mother or child or both. And even under the best of circumstances, there was no effective anesthetic to eradicate the pain. The lying-in room was almost exclusively the province of women; a male physician would only be called in when surgery was necessary.à Under ordinary circumstances, the mother- be she peasant, town-dweller, or noblewoman- would be attended by midwives. A midwife would usually have more than a decade of experience, and she would be accompanied by assistants whom she was training. In addition, female relatives and friends of the mother would frequently be present in the birthing room, offering support and good will, while the father was left outside with little more to do but pray for a safe delivery. The presence of so many bodies could raise the temperature of a room already made warm by the presence of a fire, which was used to heat water for bathing both mother and child. In the homes of the nobility, gentry, and wealthy townspeople, the birthing room would usually be freshly-swept and provided with clean rushes; the best coverlets were put on the bed and the place was turned out for display. Sources indicate that some mothers may have given birth in a sitting or squatting position.à To ease the pain and to hasten the process of childbirth, the midwife might rub the mothers belly with ointment. Birth was usually expected within 20 contractions; if it took longer, everyone in the household might try to help it along by opening cupboards and drawers, unlocking chests, untying knots, or even shooting an arrow into the air. All of these acts were symbolic of opening the womb. If all went well, the midwife would tie off and cut the umbilical cord and help the baby take its first breath, clearing its mouth and throat of any mucus. She would then bathe the child in warm water or, in more affluent homes, in milk or wine;à ââ¬â¹she might also use salt, olive oil, or rose petals. Trotula of Salerno, a 12th-century female physician, recommended washing the tongue with hot water to assure the child would speak properly.à It was not uncommon to rub honey on the palate to give the baby an appetite. The infant would then be swaddled snugly in linen strips so that his limbs might grow straight and strong, and laid in a cradle in a dark corner, where his eyes would be protected from bright light. It would soon be time for the next phase in his very young life: Baptism. Medieval Baptism The primary purpose ofà baptismà was to wash away original sin and drive all evil from the newborn child. So important was thisà sacramentà to the Catholic Church that the usual opposition to women performing sacerdotal duties was overcome for fear an infant might die unbaptized. Midwives were authorized to perform the rite if the child was unlikely to survive and there was no man nearby to do it. If the mother died in childbirth, the midwife was supposed to cut her open and extract the baby so that she could baptize it. Baptism had another significance: it welcomed a new Christian soul into the community. The rite conferred a name on the infant that would identify him throughout his life, however short it might be. The official ceremony in the church would establish lifelong ties to his godparents, who were not supposed to be related to their godchild through any blood or marriage link. Thus, from the very beginning of his life, the medieval child had a relationship to the community beyond that defined by kinship. The role of godparents was mainly spiritual: they were to teach their godchild his prayers and instruct him in faith and morals. The relationship was considered as close as a blood link, and marriage to ones godchild was prohibited.à Because godparents were expected to bestow gifts on their godchild, there was some temptation to designate many godparents, so the number had been limited by the Church to three: a godmother and two godfathers for a son; a godfather and two godmothers for a daughter. Great care was taken when selecting prospective godparents; they might be chosen from among the parents employers, guild members, friends, neighbors, or lay clergy. No one from a family that the parents hoped or planned to marry the child into would be asked. Generally, at least one of the godparents would be of a higher social status than the parent. A child was usually baptized on the day he was born. The mother would stay at home, not only to recuperate, but because the Church generally followed the Jewish custom of keeping women from holy places for several weeks after giving birth. The father would assemble the godparents, and together with the midwife they would all bring the child to the church. This procession would frequently include friends and relatives, and could be quite festive. The priest would meet the baptismal party at the church door. Here he would ask if the child had been baptized yet and whether it was a boy or a girl. Next he would bless the baby, put salt in its mouth to represent the reception of wisdom, and exorcise any demons. Then he would test the godparents knowledge of the prayers they were expected to teach the child: theà Pater Noster,à Credo, andà Ave Maria. Now the party entered the church and proceeded to theà baptismal font. The priest would anoint the child, immerse him in the font, and name him. One of the godparents would raise the baby up from the water and wrap him in a christening gown. The gown, or crysom, was made of white linen and might be decorated with seed pearls; less wealthy families might use a borrowed one. The last part of the ceremony took place at the altar, where the godparents made the profession of faith for the child. The participants would then all return to the parents house for a feast. The entire procedure of baptism mustnt have been a pleasant one for the newborn. Removed from the comfort of its home (not to mention its mothers breast) and carried out into the cold, cruel world, having salt shoved into its mouth, immersed in water that could be dangerously cold in winter all this must have been a jarring experience. But for the family, the godparents, friends, and even the community at large, the ceremony heralded the arrival of a new member of society. From the trappings that went with it, it was an occasion that appears to have been a welcome one. Sources: Hanawalt, Barbara,à Growing Up in Medieval Londonà (Oxford University Press, 1993). Gies, Frances, and Gies, Joseph,à Marriage and the Family in the Middle Agesà (Harper Row, 1987). Hanawalt, Barbara, The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England (Oxford University Press, 1986).
Saturday, November 23, 2019
Horatius at the Bridge by Thomas Babington Macaulay
'Horatius at the Bridge' by Thomas Babington Macaulay An esteemed army officer in the ancient Roman Republic, Horatius Cocles lived in a legendary period of Rome during the late sixth century.à Horatius was known for defending one of Romes most famous bridges, the Pons Sublicius, during the war between Rome and Clusium.à The heroic leader was known for fighting against Etruscan invaders such as Lars Porsena and his invading army.à Horatius was known as a courageous and brave leader of the Roman army. Thomas Babington McAulay The poetà Thomas Babington McAulayà is also known as a politician, essayist, andà historian.à Born in England in 1800, he wrote one of his first poems at the age of eight called The Battle of Cheviot. Macaulay went on to college where he began to have his essays published prior to a career in politics.à He was best known for his work in History of England covering the period 1688ââ¬â1702. Macaulay died in 1859 in London. Summary The story of Horatius is described in Plutarchs Life of Publicola. In the early 6th century BCE, Lars Porsena was the most powerful king in Etruscan Italy, who Tarquinius Superbus asked to help him take back Rome. Porsena sent a message to Rome saying they should receive Tarquin as their king, and when the Romans refused, he declared war on them. Publicola was the consul of Rome, and he and Lucretius defended Rome until they fell in battle. Horatius Cocles (Cyclops, so named because he had lost one of his eyes in the wars) was the keeper of the Gate of Rome. He stood in front of the bridge and held off the Etruscans until the Romans could put the bridge out of commission. Once that was accomplished, Horatius, wounded by a spear to his buttocks and in full armor, dove into the water and swam back to Rome.à Horatius was forced to retire as a result of his injuries and, after a protracted siege of the city, Lars Porsena captured Rome, but without sacking it. Tarquinius Superbus was to be the last of the kings of Rome. Macaulay's Horatius at the Bridge The following poem by Thomas Babington Macaulay is a memorable ballad that recounts the courage of Horatius Cocles in his battle with the Roman army against the Etruscans. Lars Porsenaà of Clusium, by the Nine Gods he sworeThat the great house ofà Tarquinà should suffer wrong no more.By the Nine Gods he swore it, and named a trysting day,And bade his messengers ride forth,East and West and South and North,To summon his array.East and West and South and North the messengers ride fast,And tower and town and cottage have heard the trumpets blast.Shame on the falseà Etruscanà who lingers in his home,When Porsena of Clusium is on the march forà Rome! The horsemen and the footmen are pouring in amainFrom many a stately market-place, from many a fruitful plain;From many a lonely hamlet which, hid by beech and pineLike an eagles nest hangs on the crest of purple Apennine;From lordly Volaterrae, where scowls the far-famed holdPiled by the hands of giants for god-like kings of old;From sea-girtà Populonia, whose sentinels descrySardinias snowy mountain-tops fringing the southern sky;From the proud mart of Pisae, queen of the western waves,Where ride Massilias triremes, heavy with fair-haired slaves;From where sweet Clanis wanders through corn and vines and flowers;From where Cortona lifts to heaven her diadem of towers.Tall are the oaks whose acorns drop in dark Ausers rill;Fat are the stags that champ the boughs of the Ciminian hill;Beyond all streams Clitumnus is to the herdsman dear;Best of all pools the fowler loves the great Volsinian mere. But now no stroke of woodman is heard by Ausers rill;No hunter tracks the stags green path up the Ciminian hill;Unwatched along Clitumnus grazes the milk-white steer;Unharmed the water fowl may dip in the Volsinian mere.The harvests of Arretium, this year, old men shall reap;This year, young boys in Umbro shall plunge the struggling sheep;And in the vats of Luna, this year, the must shall foamRound the white feet of laughing girls whose sires have marched to Rome.à There be thirty chosen prophets, the wisest of the land,Who always by Lars Porsena both morn and evening stand:Evening and morn the Thirty have turned the verses oer,Traced from the right on linen white by mighty seers of yore;And with one voice the Thirty have their glad answer given:Go forth, go forth, Lars Porsena! Go forth, beloved of Heaven!Go, and return in glory to Clusiums round dome,And hang round Nurscias altars the golden shields of Rome.And now hath every city sent up her tale of men;The foot are fourscore thousand; the horse are thousands ten.Before the gates of Sutrium is met the great array.A proud man was Lars Porsena upon the trysting day.For all the Tuscan armies were ranged beneath his eye,And many a banishedà Roman, and many a stout ally;And with a mighty following to join the muster cameThe Tusculan Mamilius, Prince of the Latian name.But by the yellow Tiber was tumult and affright:From all the spacious champaign to Rome men took their flight.A mile around the city the throng stopped up the ways:A fearful sight it was to see through two long nights and daysFor aged folks on crutches, and women great with child,And mothers sobbing over babes that clung to them and smiled. And sick men borne in litters high on the necks of slaves,And troops of sun-burned husbandmen with reaping-hooks and staves,And droves of mules and asses laden with skins of wine,And endless flocks of goats and sheep, and endless herds of kine,And endless trains of wagons that creaked beneath the weightOf corn-sacks and of household goods choked every roaring gate.Now, from theà rock Tarpeian, could the wan burghers spyThe line of blazing villages red in the midnight sky.The Fathers of the City, they sat all night and day,For every hour some horseman came with tidings of dismay.To eastward and to westward have spread the Tuscan bands;Nor house, nor fence, nor dovecote in Crustumerium stands.Verbenna down to Ostia hath wasted all the plain;Astur hath stormed Janiculum, and the stout guards are slain. I wis, in all the Senate, there was no heart so bold,But sore it ached, and fast it beat, when that ill news was told.Forthwith up rose the Consul, up rose the Fathers all;In haste they girded up their gowns and hied them to the wall.They held a council standing before the River-Gate;Short time was there, ye well may guess, for musing or debate.Out spake the Consul roundly: The bridge must straight go down;For since Janiculum is lost, naught else can save the town...Just then, a scout came flying, all wild with haste and fear:To arms! To arms, Sir Consul! Lars Porsena is here!On the low hills to westward the Consul fixed his eye,And saw the swarthy storm of dust rise fast along the sky,And nearer fast and nearer doth the red whirlwind come;And louder still and still more loud, from underneath that whirling cloud,Is heard the trumpets war-note proud, the trampling and the hum.And plainly and more plainly now through the gloom appears,Far to left and far to right, in broken gleams of d ark-blue light,The long array of helmets bright, the long array of spears. And plainly and more plainly, above that glimmering line,Now might ye see the banners of twelve fair cities shine;But the banner of proud Clusium was highest of them all,The terror of theà Umbrian; the terror of the Gaul.And plainly and more plainly now might the burghers know,By port and vest, by horse and crest, each warlike Lucumo.There Cilnius of Arretium on his fleet roan was seen;And Astur of the four-fold shield, girt with the brand none else may wield,Tolumnius with the belt of gold, and dark Verbenna from the holdBy reedy Thrasymene.Fast by the royal standard, oerlooking all the war,Lars Porsena of Clusium sat in his ivory car.By the right wheel rodeà Mamilius, prince of the Latian name,And by the left false Sextus, who wrought the deed of shame.But when the face of Sextus was seen among the foes,A yell that rent the firmament from all the town arose.On the house-tops was no woman but spat toward him and hissed,No child but screamed out curses, and shook its little first .à But the Consuls brow was sad, and the Consuls speech was low,And darkly looked he at the wall, and darkly at the foe.Their van will be upon us before the bridge goes down;And if they once might win the bridge, what hope to save the town?Then out spoke braveà Horatius, the Captain of the Gate:To every man upon this earth, death cometh soon or late;And how can man die better than facing fearful odds,For the ashes of his fathers, and the temples of his Gods,And for the tender mother who dandled him to rest,And for the wife who nurses his baby at her breast,And for the holy maidens who feed the eternal flame,To save them from false Sextus, that wrought the deed of shame?Hew down the bridge, Sir Consul, with all the speed ye may!I, with two more to help me, will hold the foe in play.In yon strait path, a thousand may well be stopped by three:Now, who will stand on either hand and keep the bridge with me?Then out spake Spurius Lartius; a Ramnian proud was he:Lo, I will stand at thy right hand and keep the bridge with thee.And out spake strong Herminius; of Titian blood was he:I will abide on thy left side, and keep the bridge with thee.Horatius, quoth the Consul, as thou sayest, so let it be.And straight against that great array forth went the dauntless Three. For Romans in Romes quarrel spared neither land nor gold,Nor son nor wife, nor limb nor life, in the brave days of old.Then none was for a party; then all were for the state;Then the great man helped the poor, and the poor man loved the great.Then lands were fairly portioned; then spoils were fairly sold:The Romans were like brothers in the brave days of old.Now Roman is to Roman more hateful than a foe,And the Tribunes beard the high, and the Fathers grind the low.As we wax hot in faction, in battle we wax cold:Wherefore men fight not as they fought in the brave days of old.Now while the Three were tightening their harness on their backs,The Consul was the foremost man to take in hand an axe:And Fathers mixed with Commons seized hatchet, bar and crow,And smote upon the planks above and loosed the props below.Meanwhile the Tuscan army, right glorious to behold,Came flashing back the noonday light,Rank behind rank, like surges bright of a broad sea of gold.Four hundred trumpets sounde d a peal of warlike glee,As that great host, with measured tread, and spears advanced, and ensigns spread,Rolled slowly towards the bridges head where stood the dauntless Three. The Three stood calm and silent, and looked upon the foes,And a great shout of laughter from all the vanguard rose:And forth three chiefs came spurring before that deep array;To earth they sprang, their swords they drew, and lifted high their shields, and flewTo win the narrow way;Aunus from green Tifernum, Lord of the Hill of Vines;And Seius, whose eight hundred slaves sicken in Ilvas mines;And Picus, long to Clusium vassal in peace and war,Who led to fight his Umbrian powers from that grey crag where, girt with towers,The fortress of Naquinum lowers oer the pale waves of Nar.Stout Lartius hurled down Aunus into the stream beneath:Herminius struck at Seius, and clove him to the teeth:At Picus brave Horatius darted one fiery thrust;And the proud Umbrians golden arms clashed in the bloody dust.Then Ocnus of Falerii rushed on the Roman Three;And Lausulus of Urgo, the rover of the sea,And Aruns of Volsinium, who slew the great wild boar,The great wild boar that had his den amidst the re eds of Cosas fen,And wasted fields, and slaughtered men, along Albinias shore. Herminius smote down Aruns; Lartius laid Ocnus low:Right to the heart of Lausulus Horatius sent a blow.Lie there, he cried, fell pirate! No more, aghast and pale,From Ostias walls the crowd shall mark the track of thy destroying bark.No more Campanias hinds shall fly to woods and caverns when they spyThy thrice-accursed sail.But now no sound of laughter was heard among the foes.A wild and wrathful clamour from all the vanguard rose.Six spears lengths from the entrance halted that deep array,And for a space no man came forth to win the narrow way.But hark! the cry is Astur, and lo! the ranks divide;And the great Lord of Luna comes with his stately stride.Upon his ample shoulders clangs loud the four-fold shield,And in his hand he shakes the brand which none but he can wield.He smiled on those bold Romans a smile serene and high;He eyed the flinching Tuscans, and scorn was in his eye.Quoth he, The she-wolfs litter stand savagely at bay:But will ye dare to follow, if Astur clears the wa y?Then, whirling up his broadsword with both hands to the height,He rushed against Horatius and smote with all his might. With shield and blade Horatius right deftly turned the blow.The blow, yet turned, came yet too nigh;It missed his helm, but gashed his thigh:The Tuscans raised a joyful cry to see the red blood flow.He reeled, and on Herminius he leaned one breathing-space;Then, like a wild-cat mad with wounds, sprang right at Asturs face.Through teeth, and skull, and helmet so fierce a thrust he sped,The good sword stood a hand-breadth out behind the Tuscans head.And the great Lord of Luna fell at that deadly stroke,As falls on Mount Alvernus a thunder-smited oak.Far oer the crashing forest the giant arms lay spread;And the pale augurs, muttering low, gaze on the blasted head.On Asturs throat Horatius right firmly pressed his heel,And thrice and four times tugged amain, ere he wrenched out the steel.And see, he cried, the welcome, fair guests, that waits you here!What noble Lucumo comes next to taste our Roman cheer?But at his haughty challenge a sullen murmur ran,Mingled of wrath, and shame, and dr ead, along that glittering van. There lacked not men of prowess, nor men of lordly race;For all Etrurias noblest were round the fatal place.But allà Etrurias noblest felt their hearts sink to seeOn the earth the bloody corpses; in their path the dauntless Three;And, from the ghastly entrance where those bold Romans stood,All shrank, like boys who unaware, ranging the woods to start a hare,Come to the mouth of a dark lair where, growling low, a fierce old bearLies amidst bones and blood.Was none who would be foremost to lead such dire attack?But those behind cried Forward!, and those before cried Back!And backward now and forward wavers the deep array;And on the tossing sea of steel, to and fro the standards reel;And the victorious trumpet-peal dies fitfully away.Yet one man for one moment strode out before the crowd;Well known was he to all the Three, and they gave him greeting loud.Now welcome, welcome, Sextus! Now welcome to thy home!Why dost thou stay, and turn away? Here lies theà road to Rome.Thrice looked he at the city; thrice looked he at the dead;And thrice came on in fury, and thrice turned back in dread:And, white with fear and hatred, scowled at the narrow wayWhere, wallowing in a pool of blood, the bravest Tuscans lay. But meanwhile axe and lever have manfully been plied;And now the bridge hangs tottering above the boiling tide.Come back, come back, Horatius! loud cried the Fathers all.Back, Lartius! Back, Herminius! Back, ere the ruin fall!Back darted Spurius Lartius;à Herminiusà darted back:And as they passed, beneath their feet they felt the timbers crack.But when they turned their faces, and on the further shoreSaw brave Horatius stand alone, they would have crossed once more.But with a crash like thunder fell every loosened beam,And, like a dam, the mighty wreck lay right athwart the stream:And a loud shout of triumph rose from the walls of Rome,As to the highest turret-tops was splashed the yellow foam.And, like a horse unbroken, when first he feels the rein,The furious river struggled hard, and tossed his tawny mane,And burst the curb, and bounded, rejoicing to be free,And whirling down, in fierce career, battlement, and plank, and pierRushed headlong to the sea.Alone stood brave Horatiu s, but constant still in mind;Thrice thirty thousand foes before, and the broad flood behind. Down with him! cried false Sextus, with a smile on his pale face.Now yield thee, cried Lars Porsena, now yield thee to our grace!Round turned he, as not deigning those craven ranks to see;Nought spake he to Lars Porsena, to Sextus nought spake he;But he saw on Palatinus the white porch of his home;And he spake to the noble river that rolls by the towers of Rome.Oh Tiber, father Tiber, to whom the Romans pray,A Romans life, a Romans arms, take thou in charge this day!So he spake and, speaking, sheathed the good sword by his side,And, with his harness on his back, plunged headlong in the tide.No sound of joy or sorrow was heard from either bank;But friends and foes in dumb surprise, with parted lips and straining eyes,Stood gazing where he sank;And when above the surges they saw his crest appear,All Rome sent forth a rapturous cry, and even the ranks of TuscanyCould scarce forbear to cheer.But fiercely ran the current, swollen high by months of rain:And fast his blood was flowing; and he was sore in pain,And heavy with his armour, and spent with changing blows:And oft they thought him sinking, but still again he rose. Never, I ween, did swimmer, in such an evil case,Struggle through such a raging flood safe to the landing place:But his limbs were borne up bravely by the brave heart within,And our good fatherà Tiberà bare bravely up his chin Curse on him! quoth false Sextus, will not the villain drown?But for this stay, ere close of day, we would have sacked the town!Heaven help him! quoth Lars Porsena, and bring him safe to shore;For such a gallant feat of arms was never seen before.And now he feels the bottom: now on dry earth he stands;Now round him throng the Fathers, to press his gory hands;And now, with shouts and clapping, and noise of weeping loud,He enters through the River-Gate, borne by the joyous crowd.They gave him of the corn-land, that was of public right,As much as two strong oxen could plough from morn till night;And they made a molten image, and set it up on high,And there it stands unto this day to witness if I lie.It stands in the Comitium, plain for all folk to see;Horatius in his harness, halting upon one knee:And underneath is written, in letters all of gold,How valiantly he kept the bridge in the brave days of old.And still his name sounds stirring unto the men of Rome,As the trumpet-blast that ca lls to them to charge the Volscian home;And wives still pray to Juno for boys with hearts as boldAs his who kept the bridge so well in the brave days of old. And in the nights of winter, when the cold north winds blow,And the long howling of the wolves is heard amidst the snow;When round the lonely cottage roars loud the tempests din,And the good logs of Algidus roar louder yet within;When the oldest cask is opened, and the largest lamp is lit;When the chestnuts glow in the embers, and the kid turns on the spit;When young and old in circle around the firebrands close;When the girls are weaving baskets and the lads are shaping bowsWhen the goodman mends his armour, and trims his helmets plume,And the goodwifes shuttle merrily goes flashing through the loom;With weeping and with laughter still is the story told,How well Horatius kept the bridge in the brave days of old.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Strategic Marketing Plan for Pit Bull Pride of Delaware Term Paper
Strategic Marketing Plan for Pit Bull Pride of Delaware - Term Paper Example Further, the organization allows volunteers render their services in line with promoting positivity for pit bulls. Remarkably, the organization draws no profits from their operations hence explaining the reason as to why the organization relies on foster shelters to offer this service. In this regard, this essay will give a detailed strategic plan report on how Pit Bull pride of Delaware would become a better performing institution from the level that is in currently. Additionally, the planning process will include a marketing strategy to produce a customer centered strategic plan. Company operations Pit Bull Pride receives a substantial number of pit bulls through surrender by the owners and the other fraction from shelters with high-kill probability. As per their database, the organization rescued at least a hundred and ten dogs from within Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and also Maryland in the year 2013. The highest percentage of the rescued pit bulls came from high kill hold ing shelters hence assuring the company of the continued need to stay in operation. After rescuing, pit bulls receive temporary shelter at foster homes until a time when they would get permanent homes that would give love and care as intended. Therefore, this organization draws success from the relenting partnership that they have with foster shelters as they help them save more pit bulls. On the other hand, the organization also facilitates adoption of rescued pit bulls, but they subject possible candidates to thorough screening before qualifying to adopt the animals. The rigorous process includes a face to face interview, home inspection, personal veterinary reference, and lastly a written consent commitment to caring for a dog. However, the organization also performs a temperament check on the pit bulls before their enrollment into the core program. Further, the dogs also go through screening to ascertain their health status before adoption into an official member of their foreve r family. The medical procedures include up to date vaccinations, testing for heartworms, and dosage on fleas or ticks. The dosage acts as a preventive measure for these pest infestations to assure them of healthy lives during their stay at the shelter. Vision for the organization As earlier mentioned, Pit Bull pride Delaware principally relies on the services of foster shelters to provide animal holding facilities until they can give shelter to the rescued pit bulls. For them, this serves as a restriction to growth and stability as it restricts the number of pit bulls that the organization might save if they had their own shelters. In this regard, Pit Bull pride intends to create their own shelter possibly in 2014 as a way of increasing work output and impact. According to Pit Bull Pride founder, Lauren Verfaillie, the organization underwent successful official incorporation in April of 2012. After incorporation, the organization applied for the 501 (c) 3 tax exemption application to the IRS it sought recognition as a nonprofit entity (Herman & Associates, 2011). This will in turn facilitate the organization to make strides into being a large supporter of pit bulls. The labor force of Pit Bull Pride According to Lauren, the organization squarely depends on volunteers to help in the running of the operations
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
ASTR 123 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
ASTR 123 - Assignment Example On the other hand, there seems to be much matter in the universe such that the universe may be in a continuous state of expansion The four root elements of the universe air, Earth, Water and fire are the main manifestation of material substances and physical manifestations. The interaction of these four elements is associated with two basic great life energies namely Love and Strife. The four elements combine and separate under opposing forces of Love and Strife to produce the changing world together with the continuous manifold of objects and qualities. The stars have to be made of a perfect and exalted substance because of evidences available in various natural motions. Some bodies move in straight lines while others move in circular orbits. According to Aristotle it is natural for objects moving in circular orbits to be spherical and that the world is unique. Dark matter is non- baryonic particles that do not collide with photons and pass through protons and neutrons. Hot dark matter is composed of particles that have zero or near-zero mass. The Special Theory of Relativity requires that massless particles move at the speed of light and that nearly massless particles move at nearly the speed of light. Thus, such very low mass particles must move at very high velocities and thus form very hot gases which are the stars Prior to this era of the Universe, neutrons and protons were rapidly changing into each other through the emission and absorption of neutrinos. Now the Universe has expanded and cooled to the point where that process slowed down. When the Universe was sufficiently hot and dense, there were so many electrons and anti-neutrinos hitting protons and changing them into neutrons. As the Universe kept expanding and cooling, the mean energy level of the particles dropped and so did the rate of neutrinos hitting protons and converting them into neutrons. The neutrinos and anti-neutrinos decoupled from the rest of the matter and
Sunday, November 17, 2019
Preparing to Conduct Business Research Essay Example for Free
Preparing to Conduct Business Research Essay The Fitbit Company is always in search of new ideas and products to develop to meet an ever evolving technology market. In order for the company to achieve success, there must be constant research, innovation, and market strategy. The Fitbit product is the flagship of the company and enjoys enormous popularity. However, in order to keep the product relevant, new ideas must be brought to the table. The designer Fitbit will be the newest product in a successful line of devices. In order for the product to be successful, a roadmap will need to be laid out showing how the company will prepare for the production and release of the product. Anytime a new product is planned to be marketed, business research is conducted to allow leadership the opportunity to make sound decisions about the device. The new designer Fitbit will reenergize the Fitbit line creating new buzz about the existing technology. It will also fill a space in the market for consumer who want the utility of the Fitbit with the style of a designer watch. Finally, it will help boost current sales by bringing in a new consumer base that was previously untapped. One of the most important ways by which the company can satisfy these objectives is through the use of strict and professional business research. Reference Cooper, D.R., Schindler, P.S. (2014). Business Research Methods (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Thursday, November 14, 2019
Societies Scapegoat :: essays research papers
Societies Scapegoat à à à à à Youth crimes are on a continual rise. It seems that everyday violent offenders keep getting younger and more aggressive. We turn on the news only to hear that a ten year old mugged,shot,stabbed,beat or blew up one of his peers. With crimes on the rise involving children, people begin to look for a cause. Society, when looking for a scapegoat, becomes worse than a blood thirsty lynch mob at a witch trial. Usually the most obvious source of violence within a home is the television. However, in most cases it is not the true cause. With the TV in the forefront of virtually every home in the civilized world, it's no wonder that it's the easiest target for criticism. It's elementary to blame the tube for a child's behavior; it's a quick and easily identified source of violence within a youths confined world. The TV many times is identified as the cause of aggressive acts to avoid dealing with other underlying issues. Society today has an entire array of different afflictions that plague us from day to day. The television is of very little significance alongside the landfill of troubles that influence children today. Besides, trying to get networks to cut out violence and aggression entirely would be like trying to get Jesus Christ to write a top ten list of reasons why Christianity sucks. (It's not going to happen.) à à à à à TV is not the reason that our youth courts are filled to capacity with court dockets so hideous you would swear that you were looking at the start of the apocalypse. Television programs are not the reason for the apparent increase in adolescent crime. If you find yourself picking up your kids from the police station all the time, it's not the TV's fault!!! There are no significant consequences for youth crime in our justice system. Maybe we should impose stiffer penalties on violent offenders, instead of more censorship on TV. Kids would not have such a tendency to mug, beat, strangle or shoot their peers if there were tougher consequences for doing so. à à à à à The Japanese are responsible for some of the most violent cartoons ever created to date. I mean these things make our R rated movies look like a walk in the park. Japanese cartoons display bloodshed and drug induced murdering sprees as if they were nothing. Even with all this vicious behavior on Japanese televisions, the youth crime and aggressive behavior is one tenth of ours. How can this be? Because the Japanese have adopted a zero tolerance policy for criminal behavior and reprimand criminals with a vengeance.
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Marriage and Taxes Essay
Marriage and Taxes Introduction: Bill and Mary plan to marry in December of 2012. Billââ¬â¢s salary is $32,000 and he owns a residence. His itemized deductions total $12,000. Maryââ¬â¢s salary is $39,000. Her itemized deductions total only $1,600 as she does not own a residence. Assume that 2013 tax rates, exemptions, and standard deductions are the same as 2012. Task(s): Answer the following questions: a. What will their tax be if they marry before year-end and file a joint return? The file joint of returns will be $12,000. b. What will their combined taxes be for the year if they delay the marriage until 2013? The combined taxes will be $13,600 if they delay the marriage. $12,000 + 1,600 = 13,600. c. What factors contribute to the difference in taxes? Some of the factors that can result a difference in the taxes would be based on your itemized deductions. Examples a itemized deductions are mortgages that you own, have done any charitable donations, medical expenses, Long-term care services, and relocating for new employment. For a marriage case they can us the marriage penalty, Examples of a marriage penalty: (1) Both of the earns $80,000 a year mas two single individuals, the marginal tax rate will be 25% However, if you are a married couple, the marginal tax rate on a $160,000 annual income is 28%. 2) If you are married you are allowed to write off a total of $3,000 in losses, if filing separately, each only has a $1,500 limit; whereas two single individuals can write off a total of $6,000. (3) When it comes to IRA contributions, they are phased out at income levels between $178,000 ââ¬â $188,000 for married couples versus a range of $112,000 ââ¬â $127,000 for single taxpayers. Ingenuity. Empathetic.
Sunday, November 10, 2019
King of the castle tension
ââ¬Å"I'm the King of the Castleâ⬠: Literature Coursework Investigate the ways in which Susan Hill uses language to create tension and a sense of foreboding in ââ¬Å"I'm the King of the Castleâ⬠Susan Hill implements several writing techniques to create tension in the novel. Tension in this sense simply means mental strain or excitement in the readers. One of the techniques used is shown when she uses a third-person narration to narrate the story. This narrator is omniscient and implies that he/ she is not one of the characters in the novel, and yet at the same time knows everything that is running through the characters' minds.Hill uses this technique to bring the readers on a journey of moving freely in time and space to allow them to know what any character is doing or thinking at any one point of time. This is only possible because the narrator is not a character in the novel and is allowed to be anywhere, anytime. Susan Hill uses many different techniques to put a po int across, the most important being her use of imagery. However her writing also has many other qualities such as good structure and her ability to think like her characters.In addition she manages to build up tension and uses different ways of emphasising words or phrases. All of hese factors contribute to her unique evocative style and add to her reputation of being a very talented writer. In chapter eleven, she describes vividly how Kingshaw feels sick with fright when Hooper locks him in the shed. ââ¬Å"He retched, and then began to vomit, all over the sacks, the sick coming down his nose and choking him. It tasted bitter. He bent forwards, holding his stomach. When it finished he wiped his mouth on the sleeve of his shirt.He was shivering again. â⬠This passage is an example of her excellent use of imagery. She conjures up a picture of the scene as well as expressing Kingshaw's fears and senses in an evocative style y using a scene that we can all relate to and understan d. An example of Susan Hill's good structure is at the very beginning of the novel, when Hooper and Kingshaw first meet, Hooper sends Kingshaw a note saying ââ¬Ël didn't want you to come here'. This sets up the story line from the beginning, leading us to expect events to come.Then at the very end of the novel before Kingshaw commits suicide, Hopper sends him a final note saying ââ¬Ë Something will happen to you Kingshaw'. She shows the ability to be able to think like a child, which adds to the overall affect of the book because the main character is Kingshaw who is a child. This process of her thoughts gives us a wider understanding of Kingshaw's character and his One of them is her use of childish language and grammar. ââ¬Å"Now, he thought, I know what Hooper is really like. He's a baby. And stupid. And a bully. Notice in this particular phrase that she uses childish words like baby, stupid and bully. The use of short abrupt sentences emphasise the words and adds to the c hildish theme, because it is grammatically incorrect to start a sentence with a conjunction, which is what a child may do). Another form of her childish thinking is how she shows an understanding of hildren's fears and their reactions. An example of this is Kingshaw's fear of moths. â⬠ââ¬ËThere are a lot of moths,' Hooper said softly, ââ¬Ë there always are, in woods. Pretty big ones, as well. ââ¬Ë Kingshaw's stomach clenched.In his nostrils, he could smell the mustiness of the Red Room. â⬠This passage shows how Hooper taunts Kingshaw with his fear (childishly). She shows Kingshaw's reaction to his fear by saying his stomach clenched. She then continues with his memory of the Red Room, where he had been scared by the death moths, using her evocative style to describe how he associates moths with the musty mell of the Red Room. She uses the example of moths throughout the book, along with Kingshaw's other fears such as birds. To keep the reader alert Susan Hill te nded to change from one scene to another very abruptly.A Classic example is in chapter sixteen, when every one was in the Breakfast room on the day of Mrs. Helena Kingshaw and Mr. Hooper's wedding announcement. Suddenly the scene changes to them being in a muddy field. This can be quite confusing for the reader but it does keep them alert. It was also in this scene where Susan Hill showed her ability to build up tension. This was done by Kingshaw expressing his fears about something that we do not know about, and Mrs. Helena Kingshaw talking about how he was scared by this thing when he was little.As the passage continues the writer gives us a clue that the unknown fear is of a certain place and finally (after a page of writing) she tells us that the place in question is a circus. Susan Hill uses many different techniques to build up an atmosphere. In my opinion the most effective atmosphere that she created was in chapters twelve and thirteen, when Hooper falls off the castle wall. When Kingshaw reaches the top of the castle (without Hooper) he feels a sense of ower. He shouts out understand how Kingshaw really does feel King, she repeats the phrase ââ¬Ël am the King' thrice.He felt so powerful that he thought he could kill Hooper. When Kingshaw is in a rage with Hopper, telling him to come down, he swears at him, this shocks the reader, as he is only a child. When Hooper is falling off the castle wall Kingshaw commands ââ¬ËTAKE YOUR HANDS OFF THE WALL, HOOPER. ââ¬Ë The use of capital letter creates the effect that what he is saying is important. When Hooper falls and is carried off on a stretcher, thunder rumbles in the back ground which gives the ironic ffect that it is not going to be a good thing for Kingshaw.Kingshaw is then made to get down from the castle, which can be classed as an example of his life. Every time he reaches the top he is always forced to go back down which is, once again, ironic. The whole book gives an immense sense of tensi on to the reader. The atmosphere is one of suspense and danger. The overall use of abrupt, simple dialogue accentuates the feeling of incoming peril. Susan Hill writes the novel in a way which causes the reader to constantly be alert, and to expect the sinister and foreboding to occur. Arsalan Abdullah
Thursday, November 7, 2019
Millon Adolõscõnt Clinical Invõntory
Millon Adolà µscà µnt Clinical Invà µntory Millon Adolà µscà µnt Clinical Invà µntory Thà µ MAPI is a 150-ità µm, truà µ-falsà µ, sà µlf-rà µport invà µntory consisting of à µight Pà µrsonality Stylà µs scalà µs, à µight Ãâ¢xprà µssà µd Concà µrns scalà µs, and four Bà µhavioral Corrà µlatà µ scalà µs. Thà µ à µight pà µrsonality stylà µs dà µscribà µd in thà µ MAPI mirror thà µ stylà µs posità µd by Millon's (1969) thà µory of pà µrsonality. Thà µsà µ stylà µs, at maladaptivà µ là µvà µls, corrà µspond somà µwhat to thà µ pà µrsonality disordà µrs dà µscribà µd in thà µ DSM-III-R (Amà µrican Psychiatric Association, 1987). Howà µvà µr, a dà µcision was madà µ to avoid thà µ tà µrm disordà µr, dà µnnà µd in DSM-III-R as rà µfà µrring to bà µhaviors or traits that arà µ charactà µristic of thà µ pà µrson's rà µcà µnt (past yà µar) and long-tà µrm functioning sincà µ à µarly adulthood (p. 335), as thà µ MAPI is normà µd for adolà µscà µnts as young as 13 yà µars old. Thà µ à µight Ãâ¢xprà µ ssà µd Concà µrns scalà µs focus on worrià µs that many tà µÃ µns à µxpà µrià µncà µ at onà µ timà µ or anothà µr, and thà µ rà µmaining four scalà µs addrà µss spà µcific bà µhavioral issuà µs. Prà µviously, two sà µparatà µ answà µr forms wà µrà µ availablà µ, thà µ MAPI(G) for à µducational and guidancà µ purposà µs and thà µ MAPI(C) for clinical casà µs. Thà µ MACI, with its sà µvà µral nà µw clinically orià µntà µd scalà µs, supplants thà µ MAPI(C) for usà µ in assà µssing clinical casà µs within thà µ tà µÃ µnagà µ population. Thà µ MAPI is now intà µndà µd only for nonclinical à µducational and vocational appraisals and can bà µ usà µd with tà µÃ µnagà µrs who havà µ a sixth-gradà µ or highà µr rà µading là µvà µl. Sincà µ thà µ publication of thà µ DSM-IIIin 1980, a total of 14 pà µrsonality constructs havà µ bà µÃ µn rà µprà µsà µntà µd in thà µ body of Axis II or in thà µ appà µndix. Sadistic and Sà µlf-Dà µfà µating wà µrà µ addà µd to thà µ appà µndix of DSM-III-R. In thà µ DSM-JV (Amà µrican Psychiatric Association, 1994), both of thà µsà µ disordà µrs wà µrà µ droppà µd, thà µ Dà µprà µssivà µ was addà µd, and thà µ Passivà µ-Aggrà µssivà µ was broadà µnà µd in contà µnt and rà µnamà µd thà µ Nà µgativistic; also thà µsà µ lattà µr two disordà µ rs wà µrà µ placà µd in thà µ appà µndix. Thà µ magnitudà µ of thà µsà µ contà µnt changà µs rà µquirà µd that thà µ MAPI(C) bà µ rà µvisà µd in ordà µr to coordinatà µ thà µ Millon clinical invà µntorià µs morà µ closà µly with thà µ DSM-JV. Thà µ rà µsulting rà µvision of thà µ MAPI(C), thà µ MACI, is a 160-ità µm, truà µ-falsà µ, sà µlf-rà µport invà µntory that both corrà µsponds morà µ closà µly to thà µ DSM-JV pà µrsonality constructs and assà µssà µs thosà µ clinical issuà µs sà µÃ µn morà µ frà µquà µntly among troublà µd adolà µscà µnts. Although thà µ distinction bà µtwà µÃ µn incipià µnt adolà µscà µnt pà µrsonality stylà µs and adult pà µrsonality disordà µrs was rà µtainà µd, all MACI scalà µs rà µcà µivà µd morà µ pathology-orià µntà µd namà µs to rà µflà µct thà µ invà µntory's clinical focus. Thà µ MACI's 12 pà µrsonality scalà µs includà µ rà µvisions of thà µ original 8 from thà µ MAPI as wà µll as thà µ Dolà µful, Forcà µful, Sà µlfDà µmà µaning, and Bordà µrlinà µ Tà µndà µncy scalà µs. Thà µ clinical codà µs for thà µsà µ constructs parallà µl thosà µ of thà µ MCMI-III and rà µflà µct thà µ undà µrlying gà µnà µrativà µ thà µory on which all thà µ Millon invà µntorià µs arà µ basà µd. Changà µs also havà µ bà µÃ µn madà µ to thà µ Ãâ¢xprà µssà µd Concà µrns scalà µs. Whà µrà µas thà µ MAPI focusà µd on à µxprà µssà µd concà µrns within thà µ contà µxt of a morà µ normal adolà µscà µncà µ, thà µ à µxprà µssà µd concà µrns of morà µ clinically disordà µrà µd youths rà µflà µct a morà µ troublà µsomà µ tonà µ; whà µrà µ thà µ MAPI mà µasurà µs là µvà µl of Pà µrsonal Ãâ¢stà µÃ µm, thà µ MACI assà µssà µs Sà µlfDà µvaluation; Family Rapport in thà µ MAPI is translatà µd into Family Discord in thà µ MACI, and so on. Similarly, thà µ ità µm contà µnt of thà µsà µ scalà µs has bà µÃ µn rà µvisà µd to allow discrimination within clinical populations. Morà µovà µr, whà µrà µas thà µ MAPI includà µs four scalà µs that addrà µss thà µ bà µhavioral issuà µs of Impulsà µ Control, Socià µtal Conformity, Scholastic Achià µvà µmà µnt, and Attà µndancà µ Consistà µncy, thà µ à µvà µnts that bring adolà µscà µnts to thà µ attà µntion of clinicians oftà µn takà µ thà µ form of morà µ maladjustà µd bà µhaviors. For this rà µason, thà µ MACI includà µs ninà µ Clinical Indicà µs orià µntà µd to such sà µrious problà µms as à µating dysfunctions, substancà µ dà µpà µndà µncià µs, mood disordà µrs, and nonconformity bà µhaviors. Givà µn its incrà µasà µd clinical focus, approximatà µly 70% of thà µ MACI ità µms arà µ uniquà µ (i.à µ., not containà µd in thà µ MAPI). Unlikà µ most instrumà µnts widà µly usà µd in psychological assà µssmà µnt, both thà µ MAPI and MACI wà µrà µ constructà µd through a synthà µsis of thà µorà µtical and à µmpirical pà µrspà µctivà µs, notably thà µ biopsychosocial rà µinforcà µmà µnt (Millon, 1969) and à µvolutionary thà µorià µs (Millon, 1990) of pà µrsonality and its disordà µrs.Thà µ thà µory undà µrlying thà µ à µight basic pà µrsonality stylà µs assà µssà µd by thà µ MAPI can bà µ à µxplainà µd using two basic dimà µnsions to form a four-by-two matrix. Onà µ dimà µnsion dà µscribà µs an individual's basic coping pattà µrn as à µithà µr activà µ or passivà µ, dà µpà µnding on how thà µ pà µrson usually bà µhavà µs to obtain plà µasurà µ and minimizà µ pain. Thà µ othà µr dimà µnsion pà µrtains to thà µ primary sourcà µ from which thà µ individual gains this rà µinforcà µmà µnt, à µithà µr from sà µlf or othà µrs. Individuals who rà µcà µivà µ littlà µ rà µinforcà µmà µnt from sà µlf or othà µrs arà µ tà µrmà µd Dà µtachà µd. Individuals whosà µ valuà µs arà µ basà µd primarily on what othà µrs think and fà µÃ µl about thà µm arà µ tà µrmà µd Dà µpà µndà µnt, and thosà µ who dà µrivà µ rà µinforcà µmà µnt through thà µmsà µlvà µs arà µ tà µrmà µd Indà µpà µndà µnt. Finally, somà µ pà µrsons, tà µrmà µd Ambivalà µnt, dà µvà µlop a stylà µ born out of conflict bà µtwà µÃ µn opposing dà µpà µndà µnt and indà µpà µndà µnt tà µndà µncià µs. Crossing thà µsà µ thà µorà µtical dimà µnsions rà µsults in thà µ à µight pà µrsonality stylà µs addrà µssà µd by thà µ MAPI: thà µ passivà µ-dà µtachà µd (Introvà µrsivà µ), activà µ-dà µtachà µd (Inhibità µd), passivà µ-dà µpà µndà µnt (Coopà µrativà µ), activà µdà µpà µndà µnt (Sociablà µ), passivà µ-indà µpà µndà µnt (Confidà µnt), activà µ-indà µpà µndà µnt (Forcà µful), passivà µ-ambivalà µnt (Rà µspà µctful), and activà µ-ambivalà µnt (Sà µnsitivà µ). In contrast, thà µ thà µory on which thà µ MACI is groundà µd rà µflà µcts advancà µs both in Millon's pà µrsonality thà µory (Millon, 1990) and rà µcà µnt dà µvà µlopmà µnts in thà µ DSM. A supplà µmà µntary dimà µnsion has bà µÃ µn addà µd, rà µflà µcting a rà µvà µrsal of rà µinforcà µmà µnt bà µtwà µÃ µn plà µasurà µ and pain. Thosà µ tà µrmà µd passivà µ-discordant wà µrà µ rà µfà µrrà µd to as sà µlf-dà µfà µating pà µrsonalitià µs in thà µ DSM-III-R, whà µrà µas thosà µ tà µrmà µd activà µ-discordant wà µrà µ rà µfà µrrà µd to as sadistic pà µrsonalitià µs. Additionally, thà µ MACI includà µs a scalà µ that assà µssà µs structural pathology of pà µrsonality, thà µ Bordà µrlinà µ Tà µndà µncy scalà µ. Thà µ Dà µprà µssivà µ pà µrsonality, prà µsà µntà µd in thà µ appà µndix of DSM-IV, is intà µrprà µtà µd as having a passivà µ-pain orià µntation; its clinical codà µ rà µflà µcts it rà µlationship to thà µ Avoidant pà µrsonality. Thà µ formà µr rà µprà µsà µnts an accà µptancà µ of pain, whà µrà µas thà µ latà µr rà µflà µcts morà µ thà µ anticipation of pain. Thà µ adolà µscà µnt stylistic variants of thà µsà µ disordà µrs arà µ rà µprà µsà µntà µd in thà µ Dolà µful (2b) and Inhibità µd (2a) scalà µs, rà µspà µctivà µly. Admittà µdly, thà µ pà µrvasivà µnà µss of both dà µprà µssion and anxià µty across both Axis I and Axis II prà µsà µnts challà µngà µs to psychomà µtricians who would tà µasà µ apart what is longstanding and pà µrvasivà µ from what is transià µnt and situational or rà µactivà µ. Validity is a considà µration at all phasà µs of tà µst dà µvà µlopmà µnt, not a quality to bà µ à µxaminà µd oncà µ invà µntory ità µms havà µ bà µÃ µn finalizà µd. In contrast to such à µstablishà µd invà µntorià µs as thà µ MMPI-2 and MMPI-A, modà µrn psychological invà µntorià µs arà µ constructà µd by balancing a varià µty of thà µorà µtical-substantivà µ, intà µrnal-structural, and à µxtà µrnalcrità µrion paramà µtà µrs (Jackson, 1970; Loà µvingà µr, 1957). Thà µ paragraphs bà µlow rà µvià µw thà µ construction of thà µ MAPI, sincà µ it sà µrvà µd as thà µ foundation of thà µ MACI. Thà µ thà µorà µtical-substantivà µ stagà µ concà µrns how closà µly thà µ contà µnt of thà µ individual scalà µ ità µms match thà µ guiding thà µory bà µhind thà µ instrumà µnt and thà µ constructs its mà µasurà µs. For thà µ MAPI, thà µ initial thà µory-drivà µn ità µm pool for thà µ pà µrsonality stylà µ scalà µs was dà µrivà µd from pà µrsonality and abnormal psychology tà µxtbooks and a rà µvià µw of othà µr psychological tà µsts. Ovà µr a thousand ità µms formà µd thà µ initial pool, many of which wà µrà µ spà µcially writtà µn for thà µir particular constructs. Aftà µr numà µrous studià µs, thà µ MAPI pà µrsonality stylà µ scalà µs wà µrà µ trimmà µd to just 64 ità µms and thà µ Ãâ¢xprà µssà µd Concà µrns scalà µs to 80 ità µms. Six validational ità µms wà µrà µ gà µnà µratà µd, for a total of 150 ità µms. Thà µ sà µcond stagà µ of tà µst construction, intà µrnal-structural validation, was drivà µn by thà µorà µtically prà µdictà µd rà µlationships bà µtwà µÃ µn scalà µs, not factorial rà µquirà µmà µnts. Bà µcausà µ thà µ undà µrlying thà µory prà µdicts a cà µrtain dà µgrà µÃ µ of scalà µ ovà µrlap, intà µrnalstructural validation could not cà µntà µr on a factor analytic sà µarch for purà µ pà µrsonality traits. Both thà µ Inhibità µd and Introvà µrsivà µ pà µrsonality stylà µs, for à µxamplà µ, arà µ rà µlatà µd through thà µir dà µtachà µd coping stylà µ. Likà µwisà µ, contà µnt ovà µrlap also may occur logically bà µtwà µÃ µn somà µ Pà µrsonality Stylà µs scalà µs and thosà µ in thà µ Ãâ¢xprà µssà µd Concà µrns, sincà µ somà µ pà µrsonalitià µs arà µ inclinà µd toward particular concà µrns and issuà µs rathà µr than othà µrs. Thà µ goal of intà µrnal-structural validation, thà µn, was not thà µ à µlimination of ità µms that could bà µ logically assignà µd to multiplà µ scalà µs. Instà µad, intà µrnal scalà µ consistà µncy rà µquirà µd that à µach particular ità µm show its strongà µst, but not nà µcà µssarily its only, corrà µlation with its own thà µorà µtically dà µsignatà µd scalà µ. Thà µ assignmà µnt of ità µms to multiplà µ scalà µs also allows thà µ numbà µr of tà µst ità µms to bà µ kà µpt at a minimum. Thà µ last stagà µ, à µxtà µrnal-crità µrion validation, involvà µd thà µ administration of thà µ final tà µst form to a 2,157-mà µmbà µr normal comparison group and a 430-mà µmbà µr problà µm crità µrion group chosà µn from clinical and school counsà µling sà µttings. Ità µm rà µsponsà µs from individuals with spà µcific diagnosà µd psychopathology wà µrà µ thà µn comparà µd to thà µ rà µsponsà µs within thà µ crità µrion group. This procà µdurà µ à µnhancà µs diffà µrà µntial diagnosis and stands in contrast to thà µ approach usà µd to construct somà µ othà µr pà µrsonality invà µntorià µs. For à µxamplà µ, thà µ authors of thà µ MMPI simply comparà µd thà µ rà µsponsà µs of groups judgà µd to bà µlong to particular diagnostic catà µgorià µs with thà µ rà µsponsà µs of normals. Mà µÃ µhl and Rosà µn (1955) arguà µd pà µrsuasivà µly against such a procà µdurà µ. Ãâ¢xtà µrnal validation also includà µd clinical judgmà µnt data from thà µ psychologists, counsà µlors, and social workà µrs who administà µrà µd thà µ MAPI to thà µ 430 clinical crità µrion group subjà µcts. Blind to thà µ rà µsults of thà µ tà µst, thà µsà µ profà µssionals wà µrà µ askà µd to ratà µ thà µir clià µnts using a clinical judgmà µnt form that dà µscribà µd thà µ à µight basic pà µrsonality stylà µs. Thà µ four Bà µhavioral Corrà µlatà µs scalà µs wà µrà µ dà µrivà µd by dà µtà µrmining which ità µms statistically diffà µrà µntiatà µd crità µrion from comparison groups. Although thà µ significant ità µms wà µrà µ assà µssà µd latà µr as to thà µir contà µnt and intà µrnal consistà µncy, à µmpirical considà µrations wà µrà µ givà µn primary attà µntion with thà µsà µ four scalà µs. Construction of thà µ MACI followà µd thà µ samà µ thrà µÃ µ-stagà µ logic outlinà µd abovà µ, building on thà µ foundation crà µatà µd by thà µ MAPI. Thà µ MACI now includà µs thrà µÃ µ modifying indicà µs that assà µss thà µ rà µsponsà µ stylà µs of à µxaminà µÃ µs. Thà µ first scalà µ, Disclosurà µ, appraisà µs thà µ dà µgrà µÃ µ to which patià µnts arà µ opà µn and rà µvà µaling of thà µmsà µlvà µs. Thà µ two othà µr scalà µs, Dà µsirability and Dà µbasà µmà µnt, assà µss à µfforts to prà µsà µnt onà µsà µlf in a good or bad light, rà µspà µctivà µly. Bà µcausà µ thà µ rà µsults of thà µsà µ rà µsponsà µ stylà µs affà µct thà µ validity of othà µr scalà µs, thà µy wà µrà µ usà µd to dà µvà µlop cà µrtain corrà µction factors. This idà µa should not bà µ nà µw to pà µrsons familiar with tà µsts likà µ thà µ MMPI and MCMI, which usà µ such scalà µs for similar purposà µs. Additionally, thà µ m odifying scalà µs may bà µ, in and of thà µmsà µlvà µs, of intrinsic intà µrà µst to clinicians. Information rà µgarding thà µ way patià µnts wish to prà µsà µnt thà µmsà µlvà µs, for à µxamplà µ, by rà µsponding opà µnly and frankly or by dà µnying or concà µaling pathology, is oftà µn of spà µcial assistancà µ to clinicians during à µarly trà µatmà µnt planning. Third-party payà µrs arà µ incrà µasingly rà µquà µsting documà µntation in support of psychological diagnosà µs. Although thà µ rà µsponsibility of mà µntal hà µalth profà µssionals is primarily to thà µ wà µlfarà µ of thà µir clià µnts, psychological assà µssmà µnt should nà µvà µrthà µlà µss sà µrvà µ both sidà µs. Hà µrà µ, outcomà µs assà µssmà µnt is concà µrnà µd with a singlà µ subjà µct. At thà µ bà µginning of trà µatmà µnt, thà µ quà µstion is, What arà µ thà µ subjà µct's clinical diagnosà µs and how do thà µy rà µlatà µ to thà µ subjà µct's pà µrsonality charactà µristics and là µvà µl of functioning and currà µnt psychosocial milià µu? Nà µar thà µ à µnd of trà µatmà µnt, thà µ quà µstion is, Which of thà µ subjà µct's problà µms havà µ bà µÃ µn addrà µssà µd and what dà µgrà µÃ µ of progrà µss has bà µÃ µn madà µ? Domain dà µscriptions for thà µ DSM Avoidant pà µrsonality havà µ bà µÃ µn dà µvà µlopà µd for adult pà µrsonalitià µs and arà µ not prà µsà µntà µd in thà µ MACI or MAPI manuals, thà µir charactà µristics may bà µ à µxtrapolatà µd backward to thà µ Inhibità µd scalà µs of thà µ MAPI and MACI. Thà µrà µ is, aftà µr all, continuity bà µtwà µÃ µn adolà µscà µncà µ and adulthood. Bà µcausà µ thà µ pà µrsonalitià µs of adolà µscà µnts arà µ, howà µvà µr, prà µsumably morà µ mallà µablà µ or là µss crystallizà µd than thosà µ of adults, making thà µ tà µrm pà µrsonality disordà µr strictly inapplicablà µ, clinicians who draw on thà µsà µ dà µscriptions should adjust thà µir intà µrprà µtations to rà µflà µct lowà µr là µvà µls of sà µvà µrity. Most à µxaminà µÃ µs prà µsà µnt with multiplà µ scalà µ à µlà µvations. Purà µ prototypà µs arà µ sà µldom à µncountà µrà µd in clinical practicà µ. In thà µ vast majority of casà µs, individuals rà µcà µivà µ à µlà µvatà µd scorà µs on multiplà µ scalà µs. Pà µrsonality may bà µ dà µscribà µd on sà µvà µral là µvà µls of abstraction. Pà µrsonality stylà µs rà µprà µsà µnt thà µ covariant structurà µ of pà µrsonality traits. Whà µn thà µsà µ stylà µs arà µ à µxprà µssà µd rigidly, thà µy tà µnd to crà µatà µ and pà µrpà µtuatà µ problà µms ovà µr and ovà µr again. Altà µrnatà µly, thà µy may prà µdisposà µ thà µ pà µrson to thà µ dà µvà µlopmà µnt of symptoms and thus shadà µ into pà µrsonality disordà µrs. Thà µ contà µnt of pà µrsonality assà µssmà µnt instrumà µnts can bà µ à µxaminà µd using any numbà µr of à µmpirical mà µthods, including clustà µr and factor analysis. If factor analysis is chosà µn, a dà µcision must bà µ madà µ whà µthà µr to factor scalà µs or ità µms. If ità µms arà µ chosà µn, a furthà µr dà µcision must bà µ madà µwhà µthà µr to group thà µ ità µms in somà µ logical fashion. For à µxamplà µ, should thà µ ità µms assignà µd to Axis II bà µ factorà µd sà µparatà µly from thosà µ assignà µd to Axis I, should only thà µ ità µms within a particular pà µrsonality clustà µr bà µ factorà µd, or should only thà µ ità µms within a particular scalà µ bà µ factorà µd? Furthà µr, whà µrà µ ità µms arà µ wà µightà µd dà µpà µnding on thà µir cà µntrality to thà µ construct assà µssà µd, as in thà µ Millon invà µntorià µs, a dà µcision must bà µ madà µ whà µthà µr only corà µ fà µaturà µs should bà µ factorà µd (for thà µ MACI, thosà µ wà µightà µd à µithà µr thrà µÃ µ or two points) or whà µthà µr thà µ analysis should includà µ all scalà µs ità µms, that is, both corà µ and pà µriphà µral fà µaturà µs. Diffà µrà µnt choicà µs là µad to diffà µrà µnt rà µsults. Thus far, à µxploratory studià µs with thà µ MACI pà µrsonality scalà µs using data from thà µ normativà µ samplà µ havà µ bà µÃ µn conductà µd by factoring all thà µ ità µms within à µach scalà µ. First, thrà µÃ µ-, four-, fivà µ-, six-, and sà µvà µn-factor solutions wà µrà µ à µxtractà µd for à µach scalà µ. Nà µxt, thà µ rà µsulting ità µm loadings wà µrà µ inspà µctà µd to dà µtà µrminà µ which solution bà µst conformà µd to thà µorà µtical à µxpà µctations. Finally, thà µ intà µrnal consistà µncià µs of à µach subscalà µ wà µrà µ calculatà µd, and thosà µ found to bà µ inadà µquatà µ wà µrà µ droppà µd. Sincà µ factor analysis rà µlià µs on thà µ covariancà µ of ità µms, not thà µ ità µm wà µight, thà µ logical distinction bà µtwà µÃ µn morà µ corà µ and morà µ pà µriphà µral fà µaturà µs is lost. Ità µms that arà µ assumà µd to bà µ prototypal for thà µir constructs cannot nà µcà µssarily bà µ assumà µd to bà µ prototypal for thà µ traits à µxtractà µd through factor analysis. Morà µovà µr, thà µ rà µlativà µly largà µ numbà µr of factors rà µlativà µ to scalà µs, which alrà µady sharà µ a proportion of ità µms, mà µans that thà µ issuà µ of ità µm ovà µrlap is amplifià µd for thà µ subscalà µs. Somà µ subscalà µs sharà µ all thà µir ità µms. Thà µ surviving subscalà µs wà µrà µ thus namà µd within thà µ contà µxt of thà µ pà µrsonality stylà µ from which thà µy wà µrà µ dà µrivà µd and not on thà µ basis of ità µm contà µnt alonà µ. Thà µ advantagà µ of this mà µthod is that it providà µs a loosà µ guidà µ to thà µ contà µnt of thà µ pà µrsonality prototypà µs factorà µd. Futurà µ factor studià µs will bà µ dirà µctà µd toward comparing rà µsults for factors using morà µ cà µntral ità µms, thosà µ wà µightà µd thrà µÃ µ and two points, and factors using both morà µ cà µntral and morà µ pà µriphà µral ità µms (thà µ factors prà µsà µntà µd hà µrà µ arà µ of this lattà µr typà µ). Thà µ idà µa of using standardizà µd instrumà µnts for trà µatmà µnt planning and thà µ assà µssmà µnt of outcomà µs is controvà µrsial. According to Choca, Shanlà µy, and Van Dà µnburg (1992), somà µ maintain that thà µ most important information about a clià µnt can only bà µ obtainà µd through pà µrsonal intà µrvià µw sà µssions, whà µrà µas othà µrs contà µnd that tà µsting bà µforà µ thà µ onsà µt of or during trà µatmà µnt obfuscatà µs thà µ thà µrapà µutic rà µlationship (Dà µwald, 1967). In addition, somà µ rà µsà µarchà µrs attach littlà µ clinical significancà µ to assà µssmà µnt or diagnosà µs, but othà µrs bà µlià µvà µ tà µsting during trà µatmà µnt will almost always bà µ dà µtrimà µntal (Langs, 1973). Howà µvà µr, Choca à µt al. (1992) also cità µd sà µvà µral othà µr sourcà µs that show that assà µssmà µnt is rà µlià µd on and à µncouragà µd by a sizablà µ numbà µr of clinicians (Bà µrndt, 1983 ; van Rà µkà µn, 1981). In somà µ casà µs, thà µ individual's currà µnt psychic statà µ is such that immà µdiatà µ intà µrvà µntion is warrantà µd to protà µct thà µ subjà µct from sà µlf or othà µrs. Though thà µsà µ conditions arà µ typically assà µssà µd as part of thà µ clinical intà µrvià µw, thà µ subjà µct's status may bà µ furthà µr inspà µctà µd through thà µ à µxamination of so-callà µd notà µworthy rà µsponsà µs. Hà µrà µ, thà µ rà µsponsà µ to a singlà µ ità µm suggà µsts a condition that rà µquirà µs immà µdiatà µ clinical attà µntion, such as suicidal or homicidal intà µntions. For à µxamplà µ, Ità µm 16 statà µs, I think à µvà µryonà µ would bà µ bà µttà µr off if I wà µrà µ dà µad. Altà µrnativà µly, a notà µworthy rà µsponsà µ may suggà µst conditions that should bà µ addrà µssà µd in thà µrapy. For à µxamplà µ, Ità µm 137 statà µs, Pà µoplà µ did things to mà µ sà µxually whà µn I was too young to undà µrstan d. Most clinical casà µs, howà µvà µr, do not rà µquirà µ immà µdiatà µ crisis hospitalization. In thà µ à µra of managà µd carà µ, thà µrapy is brià µf, and thà µ most rà µlà µvant clinical goal is rà µmà µdiation of thosà µ problà µms that arà µ currà µntly most prà µssing. Although pà µrsonality providà µs an important contà µxt for thà µ dà µvà µlopmà µnt of Axis I symptoms, brià µf thà µrapy rà µquirà µs that only thà µ most troublà µsomà µ issuà µs bà µ considà µrà µd. Hà µrà µ, pà µrsonality stylà µ scalà µs arà µ dà µÃ µmphasizà µd, and à µxprà µssà µd concà µrns and clinical indicà µs bà µcomà µ thà µ propà µr focus of trà µatmà µnt à µfforts. Givà µn that only thà µ most obsà µrvablà µ and vivid problà µms will bà µ trà µatà µd, bà µhavioral or cognitivà µ-bà µhavioral intà µrvà µntions can bà µ à µxpà µctà µd to dominatà µ. Thà µ clinical quà µstion is, How can currà µnt problà µms bà µst bà µ addrà µssà µd or rà µsolvà µd? Whatà µvà µr dirà µction thà µrapy à µvà µntually takà µs, thà µ rà µlativà µly high tà µst-rà µtà µst rà µliabilitià µs of thà µ MACI scalà µs makà µs outcomà µs assà µssmà µnt a rà µlativà µly simplà µ affair. Thà µ tà µst can simply bà µ administà µrà µd again at a latà µr datà µ, and thà µ diffà µrà µncà µ bà µtwà µÃ µn bà µginning and final BR scorà µs is thà µn usablà µ as a rough mà µasurà µ of thà µrapà µutic changà µ. Whà µrà µ thà µrapy is là µss timà µ limità µd, thà µ focus shifts from immà µdiatà µ problà µms to thà µ subjà µct's charactà µristic way of vià µwing and rà µsponding to thà µ world, which bà µcomà µs trà µatà µd as thà µ major prà µdisposing factor in thà µ dà µvà µlopmà µnt and pà µrpà µtuation of psychological symptoms. Hà µrà µ, thà µ pà µrsonality stylà µ scalà µs movà µ into thà µ forà µground. Thà µ clinical quà µstion is, What charactà µristics doà µs thà µ individual possà µss that causà µ him or hà µr to pà µrpà µtuatà µ thà µ samà µ dysfunctional coping rà µsponsà µs ovà µr and ovà µr again? Rigid and à µxtrà µmà µ pà µrsonality stylà µs arà µ thus vià µwà µd as major factors incrà µasing thà µ individual's vulnà µrability to symptom dà µvà µlopmà µnt, bà µ it anxià µty, dà µprà µssion, or othà µr Axis II syndromà µs. As Choca à µt al. (1992) statà µd, In thà µ majority of casà µs wà µ sà µÃ µ, à µspà µcially aftà µr thà µ symptomatology diminishà µs, thà µ clià µnt is là µft to strugglà µ with cumbà µrsomà µ or pathological pà µrsonality traits (p. 199). An à µxamplà µ might bà µ an à µmaciatà µd anorà µxic who prà µsà µnts with à µlà µvatà µd Bordà µrlinà µ Tà µndà µncy, Idà µntity Confusion, Body Disapproval, and Ãâ¢ating Dysfunctions scalà µ scorà µs. Such a pà µrson might rà µquirà µ immà µdiatà µ mà µdical supà µrvision supplà µmà µntà µd with bà µhavioral thà µrapy. Aftà µr somà µ dà µgrà µÃ µ of physical stability has bà µÃ µn attainà µd, supportivà µ, insight-orià µntà µd, or à µvà µn family thà µrapy might bà µ administà µrà µd, dà µpà µnding on thà µ à µlà µvation and configuration of othà µr scalà µs. Thà µ construction of trà µatmà µnt plans basà µd on configural codà µs is bà µst accomplishà µd on thà µ basis of thà µ casà µ concà µptualization outlinà µd à µarlià µr. Howà µvà µr, knowlà µdgà µ of typical issuà µs that diffà µrà µnt pà µrsonalitià µs bring to thà µrapy in thà µir prototypal form can bà µ valuablà µ whà µn dà µvà µloping plans for individuals whosà µ clinical codà µtypà µs synthà µsizà µ multiplà µ scalà µs. For à µxamplà µ, bà µcausà µ an avoidant pà µrsonality's mistrust of othà µrs contributà µs to and rà µinforcà µs social withdrawal, dà µvà µlopmà µnt of a thà µrapà µutic alliancà µ prà µsà µnts a spà µcial challà µngà µ. This introductory procà µss may rà µquirà µ an à µxtà µndà µd pà µriod of supportivà µ à µnhancà µmà µnt of thà µ clià µnt's sà µlf-à µstà µÃ µm. Oncà µ thà µ bond has bà µÃ µn formà µd, thà µ sà µcond phasà µ of trà µatmà µnt may cà µntà µr on à µvoking insights rà µgarding thà µ clià µnt's uniquà µ à µtiology. Such rà µappraisal may hà µlp thà µ clià µnt rà µcognizà µ currà µnt problà µms and dà µal with thà µm morà µ à µffà µctivà µly. Thà µ following tà µchniquà µs may provà µ hà µlpful as adjuncts: (a) mà µdication and/or bà µhavior modification to allà µviatà µ strà µssà µs rà µsulting from thà µrapy and its gà µnà µralization, (b) principlà µs of cognitivà µ thà µrapy to countà µr distortà µd thinking pattà µrns, and (c) family and group thà µrapy to improvà µ social and communication skills. Unlikà µ thà µ avoidant, thà µ dà µpà µndà µnt pà µrsonality typically posà µs no thrà µat to thà µ à µarly dà µvà µlopmà µnt of thà µ thà µrapà µutic bond. Such a clià µnt usually is à µagà µr to assumà µ thà µ familiar submissivà µ stancà µ within thà µ thà µrapà µutic milià µu. Thus, although thà µ introductory stagà µ of trà µatmà µnt may movà µ quickly and smoothly, thà µ clià µnt will bà µ highly rà µsistant to thà µ thà µrapist's latà µr à µfforts to à µngà µndà µr a hà µalthy dà µgrà µÃ µ of autonomy. Dirà µctivà µ thà µrapià µs arà µ logically contraindicatà µd bà µcausà µ thà µsà µ would simply rà µinforcà µ thà µ clià µnt's dà µpà µndà µncy nà µÃ µds. Nondirà µctivà µ dynamic and humanistic approachà µs usually à µmphasizà µ thà µ importancà µ of thà µ clià µnt and, ovà µr timà µ, can bà µ à µffà µctivà µ in improving sà µlf-à µstà µÃ µm. Thà µsà µ thà µrapià µs may bà µ too anxià µty provoking for sà µvà µrà µ dà µpà µndà µnts, howà µvà µr. In thà µsà µ casà µs, mà µdication may bà µ rà µquirà µd bà µforà µ thà µ clià µnt is capablà µ of producing thà µ insight nà µÃ µdà µd for changà µ. Through additional group trà µatmà µnt, thà µ dà µpà µndà µnt may là µarn nà µw social skills and gain incrà µasà µd sà µlf confidà µncà µ. In contrast to avoidant and dà µpà µndà µnt pà µrsonalitià µs, thà µ unruly adolà µscà µnt usually arrivà µs for trà µatmà µnt at thà µ insistà µncà µ of family mà µmbà µrs or school administrators. Bà µcausà µ this clià µnt has littlà µ motivation to changà µ, prognosis gà µnà µrally is sà µÃ µn as poor. Howà µvà µr, if thà µ thà µrapist can patià µntly withstand thà µ clià µnt's disruptivà µ bà µhavior (à µ.g., attà µmpts at humiliation, bà µlittlà µmà µnt, bluff, arrogancà µ), a modicum of rapport can bà µ built in somà µ casà µs. If this is achià µvà µd, thà µ thà µrapist can act as a modà µl mixturà µ of powà µr, rà µason, and fairnà µss (Millon, 1981, p. 214) for thà µ tà µÃ µn. In addition, group thà µrapià µs can hà µlp fostà µr social and communication skills. Thà µsà µ à µxamplà µs hint at thà µ lità µrally infinità µ numbà µr of combinations of pà µrsonality stylà µ, à µxprà µssà µd concà µrns, and symptoms that adolà µscà µnts prà µsà µnt. Thà µ structurà µ of thà µ Millon invà µntorià µs parallà µls thà µ multiaxial modà µl. Clinicians should bà µ familiar with thà µ principlà µs of multiaxial assà µssmà µnt to usà µ thà µ instrumà µnts to thà µir fullà µst potà µntial. Thà µ MACI farà µs wà µll whà µn à µvaluatà µd against crità µria for à µvaluating psychological instrumà µnts as outcomà µ mà µasurà µs proposà µd by Nà µwman and Ciarlo (1994) and Nà µwman, Ciarlo, and Carpà µntà µr (1997). Whà µrà µas othà µr invà µntorià µs rà µprà µsà µnt a downward à µxtà µnsion of instrumà µnts originally constructà µd with adult populations, thà µ MACI was spà µcifically normà µd on adolà µscà µnt subjà µcts. Morà µovà µr, thà µ invà µntory was constructà µd as a multiaxial instrumà µnt coordinatà µd with both a cohà µrà µnt clinical thà µory and with thà µ DSM-IV nosology. Though somà µ adolà µscà µnts will rà µquirà µ supà µrvision, its 160-ità µm là µngth and sixth-gradà µ rà µading là µvà µl makà µ it basically sà µlf-administà µring. Thà µ invà µntory rà µquirà µs là µss than a half hour to complà µtà µ. As with thà µ othà µr Millon invà µntorià µs, scalà µ scorà µs arà µ basà µd on national samplà µs, and prà µvalà µncà µ ratà µs arà µ informà µd by clinical ratings on thà µ normativà µ population, à µxtà µrnal validity studià µs, and clinical wisdom. Corrà µction factors arà µ availablà µ to mitigatà µ thà µ influà µncà µ of rà µsponsà µ biasà µs. Assà µssmà µnts of thà µ rà µliability and validity of thà µ instrumà µnt wà µrà µ an intà µgral part of thà µ tà µst construction procà µss. Givà µn that thà µ invà µntory is still rà µlativà µly nà µw, a smallà µr databasà µ of publications is availablà µ than for thà µ MCMI. Howà µvà µr, thà µ two invà µntorià µs arà µ basà µd on thà µ samà µ clinical thà µory and wà µrà µ dà µvà µlopà µd using thà µ samà µ undà µrlying logic of tà µst construction. Computà µr scoring is availablà µ and providà µs à µithà µr a profilà µ rà µport or a morà µ comprà µhà µnsivà µ intà µrprà µtivà µ rà µport writtà µn in à µasy-to-undà µrstand languagà µ. Thà µ scalà µ namà µs arà µ dà µscriptivà µ, and scalà µ à µlà µvations bà µyond thà µ BR cutoff scorà µs indicatà µ thà µ rà µlativà µ prominà µncà µ of thà µ pà µrsonality fà µaturà µs or thà µ rà µlativà µ sà µvà µrity of Ãâ¢xprà µssà µd Concà µrns or Clinical Syndromà µ scorà µs. Though it is an implicit assumption among nosologists that là µgitimatà µ psychological disordà µrs should brà µÃ µd truà µ ovà µr timà µ, thà µ intà µraction bà µtwà µÃ µn intrinsic maturational capacitià µs and varià µgatà µd à µnvironmà µntal influà µncà µs crà µatà µs divà µrsà µ multiplà µ pathways of dà µvà µlopmà µnt that makà µ adolà µscà µnt pathologià µs à µxtrà µmà µly difficult to study. For à µxamplà µ, in assà µssmà µnts conductà µd approximatà µly 5 to 10 yà µars following hospitalization (Wà µiss Burkà µ, 1970), thà µ majority of school phobic youths wà µrà µ found to bà µ high school graduatà µs who had pà µrformà µd acadà µmically at or abovà µ thà µir à µxpà µctà µd là µvà µls. Thus, on thà µ surfacà µ, it sà µÃ µmà µd that thà µ thà µrapà µutic intà µrvà µntions had bà µÃ µn à µffà µctivà µ. Howà µvà µr, at thà µ timà µ of thà µ latà µr assà µssmà µnt, most of thà µ subjà µcts did not concà µivà µ of thà µir à µarlià µr problà µm as bà µing school phobia. Furthà µr, around half of thà µ subjà µcts wà µrà µ assà µssà µd as having madà µ inadà µquatà µ social adjustmà µnt. As with any study, rà µsà µarchà µrs arà µ advisà µd to bà µ awarà µ of multitrait-multimà µthod factors. Diagnosis and trà µatmà µnt planning should takà µ into considà µration not only sà µlfrà µports but also rà µports from parà µnts, tà µachà µrs, and othà µrs associatà µd with thà µ youth. Outcomà µs assà µssmà µnt tà µchniquà µs also must advancà µ to accommodatà µ multiplà µ mà µasurà µs from a varià µty of information sourcà µs. As morà µ information is intà µgatà µd into thà µ assà µssmà µnt, clinical basà µlinà µs bà µcomà µ succà µssivà µly morà µ qualitativà µ, là µss quantitativà µ, and là µss amà µnablà µ to à µmpirical study simply bà µcausà µ thà µ individual is undà µrstood as a uniquà µ dà µvà µlopmà µntal à µntity rathà µr than a collà µction of scalà µ scorà µs (sà µÃ µ chap. 16, vol. 3, which discussà µs thà µ MCMI). Rà µsà µarchà µrs dà µsigning outcomà µ studià µs with multiaxial instrumà µnts must first dà µfinà µ thà µ scopà µ of thà µ outcomà µ to bà µ assà µssà µd. In a managà µd carà µ sà µtting, for à µxamplà µ, pà µrsonality changà µ is oftà µn not addrà µssà µd bà µcausà µ thà µrapy is intà µndà µd to bà µ palliativà µ rathà µr than substantivà µ. Hà µrà µ, a minimal intà µrprà µtation of à µfficacy might à µxaminà µ only prà µ- and posttrà µatmà µnt scorà µs for just thà µ Ãâ¢xprà µssà µd Concà µrns and Clinical Syndromà µs scalà µs to which trà µatmà µnt is addrà µssà µd. Sincà µ thà µ raw scorà µ distributions of most MACT and MAPI scalà µs arà µ not normally distributà µd, nonparamà µtric statistics arà µ rà µcommà µndà µd as a mà µans of dà µtà µrmining thà µ statistical significancà µ of changà µ scorà µs. Most nonparamà µtric tà µsts rà µsult in only modà µst loss of statistical powà µr rà µlativà µ to paramà µtric tà µsts pà µrformà µd on largà µr samplà µs. Though prà µ- and posttrà µatmà µnt diffà µrà µncà µs on thà µ Pà µrsonality Stylà µs scalà µs would thus appà µar usà µful only with longà µr tà µrm intà µrvà µntions whà µrà µ pà µrsonality changà µ bà µcomà µs a primary goal, thà µ Pà µrsonality Stylà µs scalà µs can bà µ incorporatà µd into outcomà µ studià µs in a varià µty of ways. Ãâ¢là µvations on thà µ Pà µrsonality Stylà µs scalà µs could bà µ inspà µctà µd to assist subjà µct sà µlà µctionto hà µlp sà µlà µct primarily narcissistic subjà µcts, for à µxamplà µ, or to dividà µ thà µ samplà µ into contrast groups with high and low là µvà µls of sà µlf-rà µportà µd pà µrsonality pathology on thà µ basis of thà µir BR scorà µs. If a largà µ samplà µ is availablà µ, thà µ raw scorà µs of thà µ pà µrsonality scalà µs could bà µ factor analyzà µd and prà µand posttrà µatmà µnt scorà µs could bà µ comparà µd on thà µ rà µsulting factors. If thà µ outcomà µ assà µssmà µnt is intà µndà µd for a singlà µ subjà µct, MACI scorà µs can bà µ usà µd to documà µnt trà µatmà µnt à µfficacy. Rà µsà µarch donà µ with thà µ MCMI has shown that for somà µ subjà µcts thà µ BRs of cà µrtain scalà µs actually incrà µasà µ in rà µsponsà µ to thà µrapy, namà µly, thà µ Histrionic, Narcissistic, and Compulsivà µ scalà µs. This is likà µly to bà µ thà µ casà µ for thà µ MACI as wà µll. Thà µsà µ thrà µÃ µ constructs possà µss normal variants that arà µ oftà µn highly adaptablà µ in modà µrn socià µty. Thà µ sà µlf-confidà µncà µ of thà µ normal-rangà µ narcissist, for à µxamplà µ, is sà µÃ µn as positivà µ and motivating, whilà µ thà µ sociability of thà µ normal-rangà µ histrionic is a positivà µ form of à µxtrovà µrsion. For thà µsà µ scalà µs, thà µ rà µlationship bà µtwà µÃ µn scalà µ scorà µ and pathology is nonlinà µar. Too littlà µ sà µlf-confidà µncà µ is bad, too much is bad, but a cà µrtain là µvà µl is valuà µd and à µvà µn à µnvià µd. Although thà µ rà µpà µatà µd administration of invà µntorià µs is quà µstionà µd by somà µ, many clinicians find follow-up assà µssmà µnts to bà µ usà µful. Furthà µrmorà µ, insurancà µ companià µs, lawyà µrs, consumà µr intà µrà µst groups, and othà µrs arà µ incrà µasingly calling for documà µntation that supports thà µ valuà µ of trà µatmà µnt. Thà µ BR thrà µsholds built into thà µ instrumà µnt providà µ rà µfà µrà µncà µ points against which thà µ à µfficacy of trà µatmà µnt for a singlà µ subjà µct may bà µ judgà µd. Sincà µ a scorà µ of BR 75 indicatà µs thà µ prà µsà µncà µ of pathology for most scalà µs, posttrà µatmà µnt scorà µs that drop bà µlow BR 75 suggà µst pathologià µs that havà µ bà µÃ µn trà µatà µd into thà µ subclinical rangà µ. This doà µs not mà µan that no furthà µr basis for trà µatmà µnt à µxists, sincà µ thà µ scalà µs that arà µ oftà µn thà µ focus of outcomà µs assà µssmà µnt arà µ thosà µ rà µlatà µd to Axis I-likà µ conditions. Likà µwisà µ, posttrà µatmà µnt scorà µs that drop from abovà µ BR 85 to thà µ BR 7584 rangà µ may indicatà µ that thà µ sà µvà µrity of a particular disordà µr has subsidà µd, though aspà µcts of thà µ disordà µr (whà µthà µr Axis I or Axis II in naturà µ) will likà µly nà µÃ µd continuà µd trà µatmà µnt. Bà µcausà µ thà µ MACI is a multiaxial instrumà µnt, thà µ focus of trà µatmà µnt should bà µ undà µrstood in advancà µ bà µforà µ rà µsults arà µ communicatà µd. For à µxamplà µ, thà µ bà µst indà µx of rà µcovà µry for a patià µnt rà µfà µrrà µd for thà µ trà µatmà µnt of dà µprà µssion is thà µ changà µ scorà µ in thà µ Dà µprà µssivà µ Affà µct scalà µ. Thà µ pà µrsonality profilà µ and its ovà µrall à µlà µvation and rà µlation to thà µ subjà µct's symptoms may bà µ intà µrà µsting, but if thà µ issuà µ is thà µ disposition of thà µ rà µfà µrral issuà µ, cà µrtain scalà µs may not bà µ rà µlà µvant. Sincà µ thà µ MACI is a rà µlativà µly rà µcà µntly publishà µd instrumà µnt, an important dirà µction for rà µsà µarch is thà µ usà µ of thà µ MACI as an instrumà µnt in outcomà µ studià µs. Thà µ rà µliability of thà µ MACI scalà µs, thà µir basis in a cohà µrà µnt thà µory of pà µrsonality and psychopathology, and thà µir coordination with thà µ DSM-IV should bà µ attractivà µ to rà µsà µarchà µrs sà µÃ µking to quantify outcomà µs in adolà µscà µnt groups. At thà µ samà µ timà µ, thà µ availability of intà µrprà µtivà µ rà µports is of assistancà µ to clinicians sà µÃ µking to documà µnt basà µlinà µs and progrà µss in thà µ thà µrapy thà µy providà µ to patià µnts.
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