The Case to Keep Drugs Illegal Free Essays

The Case to Keep Drugs Illegal The article, â€Å"Don’t Legalize Those Drugs†, by Barry McCaffrey was made to claim that the current United States policy against drugs is indeed successful and should not be abolished. McCaffrey claims, â€Å"Drug use imposes an unacceptable risk of harm on the user and others,† then proceeds to provide substantial support for this claim. He also claims â€Å"harm reduction†, or the softening of the drug laws, would have a negative effect on our countries well-being. We will write a custom essay sample on The Case to Keep Drugs Illegal or any similar topic only for you Order Now The strength of McCaffrey’s argument is his ability to support his claims. One of his main supports is that â€Å"Substance abuse wrecks families†. He then provides perceived facts about child maltreatment, death rates, and other problems in families with substance abuse issues. He also discusses crime outside of families and how having legal drugs, our crime rate would actually increase because people on drugs are more likely to commit crimes. He uses the statistic that says â€Å"in 1997, a third of state prisoners and about one in five federal prisoners said they had committed the crimes that led to incarceration while under the influence of drugs. † There are many warrants that connect McCaffrey’s evidence to his claim. The most obvious one is the accuracy of his sources. There are many facts that are based on percentages and surveys but there is not a clear sample size. How many people are being surveyed or where are the statistics being gathered are all valid questions. He also says that â€Å"studies show that the more a product is available and legitimized, the greater will be its use†. This needs many warrants, what study actually shows this and how can it be proven that use will be more common? Finally, he stands firm against â€Å"harm reduction† and claims this will make drug use greater, but one could definitely argue that â€Å"harm reduction† would help drug abuse. McCaffrey discusses how he believes drug policies can be improved without being abolished as a counter argument to those who believe the current system is unsuccessful. He talks about how prevention is the true solution to our country’s drug issues. Also, his defense to those who argue for choice, he says that we have agreed consistently against things that can cause harm to us. Fore example, wearing a helmet when on a motorcycle therefore, the drug issue is no different. Overall, this is a well written argument and McCaffrey does a great job supporting his claim and making claims against counter arguments. Works Cited McCaffrey, Barry R. â€Å"Don’t Legalize Those Drugs. † Washington Post June 1999, n. pag. Print. How to cite The Case to Keep Drugs Illegal, Essay examples

UK Oil Industry Essay Sample free essay sample

This assignment is prepared with the regard to the Module of â€Å"Business Environment. † I am assigned to fix a paper by our honest teachers Ellie Semsar to analyze the factors that influence and find the oil monetary value in UK oil industry. The study besides aims to supply how much and to what extent. Government policies influence oil monetary values in UK. Objective of the Assignment: This assignment has been prepared sing a figure of aims. The aims are: * Identify and measure the factors that influence and find the oil monetary value in UK oil industry. * Understand how and to what extent UK authorities policies make an impact on the oil monetary values. * To demo the analysis of the current oil monetary values and describe how the tendency goes. * To execute necessary analysis and present it with charts and tabular arraies from dependable beginnings. * To explicate the factors that influence supply and demand of oil monetary values in UK * To demo an apprehension of relevant economic rules. constructs and theories * Understand and use the chief techniques of economic analysis. Beginnings: Primary beginnings couldn’t be managed to fix this assignment. Secondary Beginnings have been used to do this study. Secondary information was collected from on-line diary. articles and the official web sites of Nestle. Some other beginnings that have been used to happen out the information are given on the Bibliography subdivision. Background of Oil industry in UKOil is one the most of import resources in the universe that controls every domains of human lives. Particularly in Developed states. oil seems to be most needed. Crude market oil are really much needed in different operations of developed states. with 84. 249. 000 barrels consumed globally each twenty-four hours as of 2009. ( Ross Lane. 2012 ) . Because of the oil supplies in UK. oil monetary values vary greatly from clip to clip. This assignment analyzes the current market state of affairs for oil monetary values in UK. This study identifies the factors that affect supply and demand of oil monetary values. how authorities statute law impact oil monetary value in UK. Detailed analysis of oil monetary values in UK over the old ages has been shown with proper graphs and tabular arraies. Graph of last three years’ place warming oil has been shown and the monetary value tendency has been analyzed. Besides how authorities policy influences oil monet ary values in UK has been analyzed. The standard economic theory of supply and demand has been related to the necessary scenario. Analysis of the Current Prices of Oil in UK:Oil monetary values in UK are in rise in January. 2013 after last 3 month of monetary value autumn. The monetary value of oil is lifting twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. Price spread between Petrol and Diesel has widened from 5 lb to 8 lb in last four months. Diesel Price has fallen by 0. 06ppl from 140. 04ppl to 139. 08ppl. Northern Ireland has recorded the highest leadless oil monetary value at 133. 2ppl. Northern Ireland besides recorded highest rate for Diesel at 140. 6ppl in January. 2013. Yorkshire and Humberside and the northwest side have recorder their cheapest oil monetary value 139. 04ppl. The Automobile Association Limited. ( 2013 ) . Home warming Oil monetary values trends has shown fluctuations over recent old ages. Below. oil monetary values in last 3 old ages and I oil monetary values tendency from 2012 to 2013 is given: Figure 1. 1: United Kingdom Average Oil Price from 2012 to 2013. ( Boiler Juice Ltd. 2013 ) . The graph shows monetary values have been fluctuated up and down several times. In June. monetary values tend to be the lowest. 52ppl. In December monetary value was at its extremum 65ppl. Although in start of January 2013. monetary value tend to travel lower but now in February. place warming oil monetary values are once more traveling up to the extremum of 65ppl. To cognize more about the tendency of the oil monetary value fluctuation. oil monetary value tendency of last 3 old ages is given below: Figure1. 2: United Kingdom Average Oil Price from 2010 to 2013. ( Boiler Juice Ltd. 2013 ) . Figure 1. 2 shows place warming oil monetary values in UK for the last three old ages. The graph shows that after 2010. monetary values has increased up to 60-65ppl where before it was merely 40-50ppl. On start of 2011. monetary value has gone 70ppl which is the peak monetary value of this chart. Although monetary values have lowered. it is once more on rise up to the extremum in January. 2013. Retail monetary values of Petroleum oil: Retail monetary values of crude oil oil are increasing every twelvemonth. although there was a little interruption of monetary value lessening but in recent old ages its dorsum on rise. Harmonizing to UK Government functionary website’s publication Statistical Date set of Oil Petroleum merchandises: Annual monetary values of Petroleum merchandises from 2000 to 2013 are given below: Table 1. 1 Typical retail monetary values of crude oil merchandises ( 1 ) ( 5 ) 2000 to 2013United Kingdom| | Pence per liter|| Motor spirit| Diesel ( 2 ) | Standard grade| Gas| | | 2 star| 4 star/ LRP ( 4 ) | Super unleaded| Premium unleaded ( 6 ) | | combustion oil ( 3 ) | oil ( 3 ) | | 2000| January| | . . | 80. 84| 84. 15 | 75. 38 | 77. 75 | 17. 84 | 18. 15 | | 2001| January| | . . | 82. 19| 85. 06 | 76. 85 | 81. 63 | 19. 86 | 20. 46 | | 2002| January| | . . | 75. 94| 78. 48 | 69. 90 | 74. 65 | 14. 61 | 14. 71 | | 2003| January| | . . | 78. 15| 80. 47 | 74. 95 | 76. 38 | 17. 83 | 18. 63 | | 2004| January| | . . | 80. 04| 81. 49 | 76. 20 | 77. 92 | 18. 33 | 18. 95 | | 2005| January| | . . | 87. 16| 87. 43 | 78. 99 | 84. 15 | 22. 16 | 23. 99 | | 2006| January| | . . | . . | 94. 73 | 88. 84 | 93. 07 | 31. 58 | 33. 60 | | 2007| January| | . . | . . | 94. 80 | 86. 91 | 91. 44 | 30. 88 | 34. 03 | | 2008| January| | . . | . . | 110. 59 | 103. 71 | 108. 70 | 43. 90 | 51. 01 | | 2009| Jan uary| | . . | . . | 93. 30 | 86. 33 | 98. 74 | 36. 01 | 43. 83 | | 2010| January| | . . | . . | 118. 53 | 111. 49 | 113. 31 | 42. 49 | 50. 64 | | 2011| January| | . . | . . | 134. 83 | 127. 53 | 132. 08 | 55. 14 | 61. 90 | | 2012| January| | . . | . . | 140. 40 | 132. 89 | 141. 34 | 61. 04 | 70. 74 | | 2013| January p| . . | . . | . . | 132. 00 | 139. 68 | . . | . . | | **Source: Statistical informations set Oil and crude oil merchandises: one-year statistics. Open Government Licence. UK. ( 2013 ) . ( 1 ) The estimations are by and large representative of monetary values paid ( inclusive of revenue enhancements ) at the pump on or about the 15th of the month. Estimates are based on information provided by oil companies from 1977 until 1994. From January 1995 information from super/hypermarket ironss have been included. ( 2 ) From July 1999 Diesel monetary values represent mean monetary values for Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel which now accounts for virtually all Diesel sold. Pump monetary values for both Diesels are loosely the same. ( 3 ) Typical monetary values for bringings of up to 1. 000 liters of standard class combustion oil and between 2. 000 and 5. 000 liters of gas oil. Prior to 1977. monetary values were for bringings of 900 liters of standard class combustion oil and 2. 275 liters of gas oil. Since April 1994 monetary values include VAT at a rate of 8 % until September 1997 when the applicable rate was reduced to 5 % . ( 4 ) From October 1999 Four Star monetary values represent ‘Lead Replacement Petrol’ ( LRP ) which had replaced Four Star at 95 per cent of mercantile establishments at that clip. Leaded gasoline has now been phased out. Pump monetary values for both gasolines are loosely the same. The LRP series has been discontinued from September 2005 due to the low volume of gross revenues. ( 5 ) For rates of responsibility and VAT see Annex C.( 6 ) From April 2001. Premium unleaded monetary values represent Ultra Low Sulphur Petrol ( ULSP ) . which now accounts for virtually all Premium unleaded sold. The pump monetary values for both fuels were loosely the same. The Determinants of Oil Monetary values in United kingdom:Oil militias are limited and demand for this limited resource is being increased twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. Besides high demand of planetary trade goods has led to the monetary value fluctuations of oil monetary values. Two major determiners of oil monetary values in UK are: * Supply A ; Demand * Market SentimentSupply A ; Demand:Supply and Demand of oil in UK is about same to the constructs of economic supply and demand of resource. As demand increases or supply lessenings. monetary values go up. As supply additions every bit good as Demand is relatively less. monetary value goes down. But in recent times. monetary values tend to be upper graduated table as supply is acquiring lower every twenty-four hours. But that is non all. The monetary value we see by and large set in the oil hereafter market. And oil hereafter contract is an understanding that provides the chance to one party to purchase oil at a antecedently fixed rate on a hereafter day of the month. Under a hereafter contract. both the purchaser and marketer are obliged to carry through their portion of their understanding. Future understandings are done by two types of future bargainers: * Hedgers * SpeculatorsHedger hereafter bargainers are the 1s who buys oil to guard possible oil monetary value rise. For illustration: An Airline Company. Speculators are the 1 who are supervising the monetary value tendency and have an purpose to purchase oil. But study says that merely 3 % of minutess are resulted from speculators. ( Paul Kosakowski. 2011 ) . Market Sentiment: The other of import factor that influence finding oil monetary value in UK is Market Sentiment. When people simply belief that oil monetary value is traveling to lift quickly sooner in the hereafter that will do a great demand for oil. Beside bargainers like Hedgers and Speculator are tend to move more dominantly in these state of affairss to minimise their hereafter losingss and maximise their net income. therefore doing an impact on the oil monetary value. Besides the mere belief that oil monetary value is traveling to be quickly reduced shortly can ensue in dramatic lessening of oil monetary value in the present since oil hereafter contracts are sold. ( Paul Kosakowski. 2011 ) . Other than the major facts. there are some other factors that affect oil monetary values in UK: Worsening Production: As domestic oil production is cut downing since 2007. the state needs to import oil to go on its economic system. As the sum of oil import additions. it generates higher force per unit area on the supply and increase the oil monetary value. Restrictive Legislature: If a Nation decides that it is restricting or censoring oil geographic expedition in an country where big sum of oil is stored. trade good market monetary value will confront the loss of new possible petroleum oil production into current oil production. Legislation restricting oil production will impact on oil monetary values to lift. ( Rich Finzer. 2012 ) . Political Agitation: Majority of the oil production comes from Middle East and Africa. Political instability of those states where most of the oil beginnings are situated and from there oil is acquired affects the oil monetary value in UK. NaturalCatastrophe: Natural and Manmade catastrophe causes terrible monetary value fluctuations for oil monetary value. Harmonizing to Kimberly Amadeo. ( 2012 ) . â€Å"Hurricane Katrina caused oil monetary values to raise $ 3 a barrel. and gas monetary values to make $ 5 a gallon in 2005. Katrina affected 19 % of the nation’s oil production. It came on the heels of Hurricane Rita. Between the two. 113 seaward oil and gas platforms were destroyed. and 457 oil and gas grapevines were damaged. † Factors Affecting Supply and Demand of Oil monetary values in United kingdom: Several factors affect the demand and supply of oil monetary values in UK. Among them some are major of import: * Increased ingestion of Oil:Consumption of oil has increased badly late. Oil demands are highest in the developed states. With more generated demand. and since supply is limited. monetary values tend to be on the rise all the clip. * Oil Militias: Monetary values of oil largely depend on oil militias of UK. With low oil militias. monetary values tend to be higher and with greater oil militias in the state. monetary value will be moderate or lower. Besides limitation on import influences the monetary values of oil in UK. * Exchange Rate: World exchange rate affect oil monetary value large clip. With diminishing value of GBP. oil monetary values will be higher. When oil monetary values addition. people have to number for more pence than earlier due to loss of value of currency. * Guess: Other than physical supply of oil militias. fiscal market besides has the influence to impact oil monetary values through guess. Future bargainers influence oil monetary value more instead than them who are presently administering. ( Ross Lane. 2012 ) . Government Policies to act upon Oil Price in UK:Government policies greatly influence oil monetary values in UK. Transport Secretary Justine Greening has asked oil retail merchants in UK to level up their codification of behavior ; otherwise necessary measure will be taken. The authorities will take statute law if necessary. Harmonizing to Justine Greening: â€Å"Petrol monetary values travel up immediately when sweeping monetary values rise. but when sweeping monetary values autumn. it can take hebdomads for them to come down once more. I want companies to come up with their ain program every bit shortly as possible – and I’m speaking yearss and hebdomads. non months. That manner we can acquire monetary values down faster. instead than holding to go through time-consuming statute law. But we will surely make that if we have to. † ( The Telegraph. 2012 ) When policy is strong or doing the oil companies go for monetary value decrease. the companies have to stay by the authorities statute law. The AA president Edmund King Said: The AA supports a move towards transparence on fuel monetary values. However. with record monetary values cutting gross revenues by 5 % last twelvemonth and 76 % of AA members cutting back on auto usage. other household disbursement or both. ordinance has to stay an option. † ( The Telegraph. 2012 ) Decision:The study is prepared to analyse the consequence of Oil monetary value in UK market. to find what are the factors that affect supply and demand of oil monetary values. how authorities statute law consequence oil monetary value in UK. Detailed analysis of oil monetary values in UK over the old ages has been shown with proper graphs and tabular arraies. Graph of last three years’ place warming oil has been shown and the monetary value tendency has been analyzed. Retail monetary values of crude oil oil are increasing every twelvemonth. although there was a little interruption of monetary value lessening but in recent old ages its dorsum on rise. Harmonizing to UK Government functionary website’s publication Statistical Date set of Oil Petroleum merchandises: Annual monetary values of Petroleum merchandises from 2000 to 2013 have been shown in this study. Two determiners of oil monetary value have been identified in this study. One is supply and demand and other is market sentiment. Supply and Demand of oil in UK is about same to the constructs of economic supply and demand of resource. As demand increases or supply lessenings. monetary values go up. As supply additions every bit good as Demand is relatively less. monetary value goes down. But in recent times. monetary values tend to be upper graduated table as supply is acquiring lower every twenty-four hours. But that is non all. The monetary value we see by and large set in the oil hereafter market. And oil hereafter contract is an understanding that provides the chance to one party to purchase oil at a antecedently fixed rate on a hereafter day of the month. The other of import factor that influence finding oil monetary value in UK is Market Sentiment. When people simply belief that oil monetary value is traveling to lift quickly sooner in the hereafter that will do a great demand for oil. Exchange rates. increased ingestion of oil. and limited oil modesty has strong function in act uponing monetary value of oil. Consumption of oil has increased badly late. Oil demands are highest in the developed states. With more generated demand. and since supply is limited. monetary value s tend to be on the rise all the clip. Monetary values of oil largely depend on oil militias of UK. With low oil militias. monetary values tend to be higher and with greater oil militias in the state. monetary value will be moderate or lower. Besides limitation on import influences the monetary values of oil in UK. Role of authorities policies besides has been included in this study. Bibliography: The Automobile Association Limited. ( 2013 ) . Fuel monetary value study. UK A ; abroad monetary values – January 2013. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. theaa. com/motoring_advice/fuel/ . Last accessed 6th February. 2013. Boiler Juice Ltd. ( 2013 ) . Home Heating Oil Prices. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. boilerjuice. com/heatingOilPrices. php. Last accessed 6th February. 2013. Paul Kosakowski. ( 2011 ) . What Determines Oil Monetary values? . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. investopedia. com/articles/economics/08/determining-oil-prices. asp # axzz2K74EfmGA. Last accessed 9th February. 2013. Open Government Licence. UK. ( 2013 ) . Statistical information set Oil and crude oil merchandises: one-year statistics. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. gov. uk/government/statistical-data-sets/oil-and-petroleum-products-annual-statistics. Last accessed 9th February. 2013. Rich Finzer. ( 2012 ) . Factors That Affect Oil Price. Av ailable: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ehow. com/list_6696635_factors-affect-oil-price. hypertext markup language. Last accessed 9th February. 2013. Ross Lane. ( 2012 ) . Factors Affecting Demand amp ; Supply of Oil Prices. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ehow. com/info_8621442_factors-demand-supply-oil-prices. hypertext markup language. Last accessed tenth February. 2013. Kimberly Amadeo. ( 2012 ) . How Are Oil Monetary values Determined? . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //useconomy. about. com/od/commoditiesmarketfaq/f/oil_prices. htm. Last accessed tenth February. 2013. The Telegraph. ( 2012 ) . Government warns

Properties and Modern Application of Engineering Materials

Question: Describe about the Report for Properties and Modern Application of Engineering Materials. Answer: Introduction Engineering materials are imperative in everyday life owing to their versatile structural characteristics. Other than their characteristics, they do play a significant role due to their physical characteristics. The prime physical properties of the commonly utilized engineering materials include electrical, thermal, magnetic, and optical properties as discussed in the report. This is a report on the properties of materials and the influence they have on their use and application in modern engineering. The report includes mechanical, electrical, optical, thermal, and alloying properties and the pros and cons of each, giving examples in each case. Properties and modern application of engineering materials Mechanical properties of materials These are those proprties that determine the mechanical strength of a material and its ability to be molded in appropriate shape. Some of the common mechanical properties include strength, hardenability, ductility,creepand, slip resilience, brittleness, malleability, toughness, hardness, and fatigue (Kakani, Kakani, 2004). Strength It is the materials characteristic that its tendency to deform or undergo breakdown when an external force or load is applied. The material to be considered as for any engineering product should have an appropriate mechanical strength to be able to bear varying mechanical loads and forces. Toughness This is the capability of an enginerring material to absorb and withstand the applied energy and undergo plastic deformation without experiencsing any fracture. The numerical value of toughness is estimated by the value of energy in a unit volume measured in J/ m3. Also, the value of a meterials toughness can be estimated by stress-strain properties of the material. For any material to possess desirable toughnes,it should possess suitable ductility and strength. For instance, brittle materials that possess excellent strength but undesirable ductility do not have desirable toughness. On the other hand, materials that have excellent ductility but undesirable strength similarly do not possess desirable toughness. Thus, for a meterial to be tough, it should be able to withstand both elevated stress and strain (Wigley, 2012). Modern engineering applications Ceramics have gained versatile application in the field of engineering. Products made using technical ceramics are renown components in the construction and control of complicated plants, machinery, and equipment that require electro-technical component assemblies (Munz, Fett, 2013). Common examples are sensors in the automotive engineering industry or in the furnace/ kiln engineering. Others are the vacuum chambers of actuators in motion detectors. Pros Ceramics, owing to their brittleness, have either covalent or ionic bonds. One advantage is that such bonds are stronger than the metallic bonds. Cons The challenge though, is that ceramics possess significantly elevated chances of failure occurrence and are therefore, susceptible to cracking before attaining the desired yield stress. Electrical properties of materials The electrical purpose of a material influences the choice of an engineering material for its electrical characteristics. An engineering material is can either be used as an electrical conductor or insulator. The implication is that a given material can be classified as a superconductor or a semiconductor. The conductivity of an engineering material determines its ability to allow for the flow of electric charges (Tomkins, Wareing, 2013). The dielectric properties of materials One of the electrical properties of an engineering material is termed as its dielectric strength. A dielectric engineering material has the capacity of storing energy if an external electric field flows across it. There can be abrupt excitation of significant quantity of electrons to the energies found within the specified conduction bandwidth when enormously elevated electric field flows through a dielectric material (William, Smith Hashemi, 2011). As a result, there can be significant rise in the motion of the electrons that can lead to focalized vaporization, combustion and melting that overwhelmingly degrades the engineering material or makes it to fail (Soibam, Sanatombi, 2014). The occurrence called dielectric strength or sometimes known to as dielectric breakdown is experienced. Capacitance In a capacitor, a unit plate of a capacitor acquires positive charges in the event that a voltage V flows through it while another one acquires negative charges. The resultant electric field moves from the positive to the negative respectively. To facilitate the computation of the capacitance C, an expression that is commonly employed is C=Q/V where Q = the quantity of charged stored on either plates of the capacitor and V in the applied voltage flowing through the capacitor. Its units are in coulombs per volt (Farads), F. Modern engineering applications Electricity Transmission: cables such as copper and aluminum wire are widely used for power transmission. Storage of charge: capacitors are used in electronic appliances to store electric charges. Insulation: poor electrical conductors such as rubber and plastic are used as insulators, for example, as handles of appliances. Current regulation: materials with high resistance such as metal oxides are widely used to control the amount of current flowing in electrical appliances. Pros Malleability: electrical materials such as aluminum are highly malleable and can be forged into different shapes Ductility: electrical materials such as copper can be drawn into wires of different dimensions. Cons High costs: copper cables are quite expensive and therefore, require high initial cost of investment. Heavy: electrical materials such as copper are heavy and are therefore, difficult to transport from one point to another compared to optical materials such as optical fiber. Corrosion: electrical materials such as aluminum are susceptible to corrosion and therefore, require constant replacement. Optical properties of materials Optical property of an engineering material is associated with its interaction with electromagnetic radiation. Such radiation may have properties that fall within or outside the visible light spectrum (Tilleman, 2010). Signal transmission via a metallic cable conductor is electronic, while in fibers it is via photons. This aids in faster transmission at great densities to longer distances with decreased error rate. One of the greatest examples of optical engineering materials is optical fiber that forms the backbone of the communication systems today. The coaxial cable transmits the signals, whereas the cladding constricts the light beam to the coaxial cable. The outer outer coating guards the coaxial cable and cladding from the peripheral environment. Optical fiber employs the theorem of total internal reflectance. Characteristically, both the coaxial cable and cladding are manufactured using out of the ordinary types of glass with circumspectly regulated indices of refraction. Modern engineering applications Telecommunication: there are many uses of optical fibers in telecommunication such as universal networks to desktop computers for the broadcast of data, voice, or video over a given distance. For example, old telephone service (POTS) and Local exchange carriers (LECs) (Tilley, 2010). Data transmission: Multinational companies require secure, trustworthy mechanisms to convey data and financial data between premises to the desktop computers or terminals and to transmit data across the globe (Callister, Rethwisch, 2007). Transportation systems: fiber-optic-oriented telemetry mechanisms is employed in intelligent transportation mechanisms like smart highways coupled with intelligent traffic lights, automatic tollbooths, and convertible message signs. Biomedical industry: Fiber-optic schemes are applied in the majortiy of contemporary telemedicine dagdets for transmiting digital diagnostic images. The additional uses include space, military, motorvehicle, and the manufacturing sector. Pros Size and weight: the optical fibers are light in weight with small coaxial diameter. This helps during the rolling out process over long distances. Signal reliability: there is minimal electromagnetic interference in the case of optical signals thus; they can travel over comparatively longer distances. Bandwidth capacity: a lot of information can be carried out by the optical signals compared to the electrical ones. Cons Switching: there is poor traffic switching even though there is increased data transmission efficiency in the case of point-to-point transmission. Physical constraints: the coaxial cables cannot withstand extreme bending and are susceptible to losing some light transmission characteristics. Cost per user: the cost of deploying optical fibers to homes and points of consumption is comparatively higher. Thermal properties of materials Different engineering materials have different thermal properties since they react differently when exposed to different degrees of temperature. For example, aluminum oxide occurs due to high quantities of negative energy and this renders it a desirable refractory engineering material that possesses suitable chemical stability. Such a fact explains its occurrence in high temperate regions. The thermal conductivity of aluminum oxide (determined in W/mK) is its ability to conduct heat (Chawla, 2012). This characteristic of aluminum oxide explains the level at which transmission of thermal energy occurs through it. Due to its relatively elevated thermal conductivity, the oxide has a broad range of applications since it is a high temperature engineering material in the modern world of engineering. The thermal expansion coefficient of this oxide is relatively low and this enables it to be applied in many systems that involve high temperatures (Callister, Rethwisch, 2012). The engineering materials that possess microstructures and great thermal expansion coefficient are prone to temperature-induced failures of systems. This condition occurs as a result of the microstructures random orientation that makes it to expand and contract by differing quantities in many directions. Modern engineering applications Insulation: materials that possess bad thermal properties such as cork, rubber are widely used as handles of heating and electrical appliances such as electric kettles. Heating: materials with good thermal properties such as aluminum are widely used for heating, cooking, and other heat-related applications such the manufacture of soldering bits. Cons Materials with poor thermal conductivity lead to high power consumption when put under uses that require heating such as cooking. Pros Good thermal conductors have versatile range of applications such as the manufacture of electrical and heating appliances like iron boxes, cookers, and electric coils. Alloying properties of materials Small quantities of alloying elements are frequently added to metals to improve some specific properties of the metals. Alloying can improve or lower the strength, corrosion resistance, hardness, electrical and thermal conductivity, or alter the color of a given engineering metal. The introduction of an element to improve one characteristic may have unwanted effects on other characteristics. Strength Copper metal often undergoes a common procedure called solid solution strengthening. Little amounts of an alloying element introduced to molten copper will entirely dissolve and result to a single phase of homogeneous microstructure. Sometimes, additional quantities of the alloying substance will not dissolve. Therefore, the exact quantity relies on the solid solubility of the specific element in copper metal. When that particular solid solubility limit is surpassed, two distinct microstructures result, with varying compositions and hardness (Luque, Hegedus, 2011). A non-alloyed copper is comparatively in regard to common structural metals. A metal alloy with tin mixed with copper is calledbronze. The resultant alloy is stronger and harder compared to either of the two unalloyed metals. The same applies to zinc alloyed with copper to result to brass. Electrical and Thermal Conductivity The most effective method of improving the electrical and thermal conductivity of copper is to reduce the impurity levels. The presence of impurities and other common alloying components will lessen the electrical and thermal conductivity of copper, except for silver. As the quantity of the alloying element rises, the electrical conductivity of the alloy declines (Provatas, Elder, 2011). On the other hand, Cadmium has the nominal effect on resulting alloy's electrical conductivity. Others include zinc, tin, nickel, aluminum, silicon, manganese, and phosphorus. Color Unalloyed copper possesses a reddish-gold color that rapidly oxides to dull green. Given that copper has natural impurities or can undergo alloying with over one additive, it is difficult to establish the particular effect each alloying substance has on the color of the resulting alloy. For instance, electrolytic tough pitch copper has traces of silver, iron, and sulfur and possesses a soft pink color (Kalpakjian, Schmid, 2014). In addition, gilding copper has a reddish-brown color and has traces of zinc, iron, and lead. Modern engineering applications Oxidation: Silicon can be used in place of phosphorus to deoxidate copper when conductivity is of critical concern. Phosphorus is mostly used to deoxidize copper in order to improve its hardness and strength, but critically interferes with its conductivity (Rudin, Choi, 2012). Ornamental applications: Brass alloy is commonly employed for ornamental purposes owing to its similarity with gold in terms of appearance. Pros The figure below summarizes the application and importance of alloying metals with different metal traces. Cons Reduced properties: Unalloyed copper is a good conductor of electrical current and heat compared to the alloyed type. Even though various mechanisms are engraved in thermal conductivity, the introduction of rising amounts of elements or impurities also leads to a decline in thermal conductivity (Park, 2012). For instance, Zinc causes an insignificant effect on the thermal conductivity of copper. Conclusion In conclusion, engineering materials are vital in everyday life owing to their flexible structural characteristics. Other than their features, they do play a significant role in the manufacturing industry such as die-casting, forging, annealing, and ordinary casting due to their physical characteristics. The primary physical characteristics of the commonly utilized engineering materials include electrical, thermal, magnetic, and optical properties. References List Callister, W. and Rethwisch, D. (2007).Materials science and engineering: an introduction, 7, pp. 665-715, New York, Wiley. Callister, W. and Rethwisch, D. (2012).Fundamentals of materials science and engineering: an integrated approach. John Wiley Sons. Chawla, K. (2012).Composite materials: science and engineering. Springer Science Business Media. Kakani, S. and Kakani, A. (2004). Material science. New Delhi: New Age International. Kalpakjian, S. and Schmid, S. (2014). Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials5th Edition.agenda,12, p. 1. Luque, A. and Hegedus, S. ( 2011).Handbook of photovoltaic science and engineering. John Wiley Sons. Munz, D. and Fett, T. (2013).Ceramics: mechanical properties, failure behaviour, materials selection, 36, Springer Science Business Media. Park, J. (2012).Biomaterials science and engineering. Springer Science Business Media. Provatas, N. and Elder, K. (2011).Phase-field methods in materials science and engineering. John Wiley Sons. Rudin, A. and Choi, P. (2012).The Elements of Polymer Science Engineering. Academic Press. Soibam, I. and Sanatombi, S. (2014). Dielectric Studies of Single and Double Sintered Ni Substituted Li-Zn Ferrite.American Journal of Materials Science and Engineering,2(3), pp. 42-44. Tilleman, M. (2010). Analysis of temperature and thermo-optical properties in optical materials. 1: Cylindrical geometry. Optical Materials, 33(1), pp. 48-57. Tilley, R. (2010).Colour and the optical properties of materials: an exploration of the relationship between light, the optical properties of materials and colour. John Wiley Sons. Tomkins, B. and Wareing, J. (2013). Elevated-temperature fatigue interactions in engineering materials.Metal Science. Wigley, D. (2012).Mechanical properties of materials at low temperatures. Springer Science Business Media. William F., Smith and Hashemi, J. (2011).Foundations of materials science and engineering. McGraw-Hill.

A Guide on How to Write a Great Video Game Story

A Guide on How to Write a Great Video Game Story If you love video games because this is a great and innovative way to tell a story, then you must be wondering how people write them. Even beyond the difficulties connected with game developing, this medium looks pretty complicated. However, writing a script is not that difficult, if you don’t have the ambition to write a 100+ hour game. Like any other narrative, a game script highly depends on the approach you take. In this post we will discuss the entire process and character building, so you will get some basic notion of game script writing. What makes a good story in a game? There is a number of features that make a good game – the interactivity, the universe, the mechanics. And what about the storytelling? There is no specific formula for an effective narrative in any storytelling medium. It doesn’t depend on one audience’s preferences too much, because some gamers like the exploration and quests, while the others are found of combat. However, there is one common element for all types of games – the dynamic connected with a player-character. The dynamic dictates that a character and a player are one and a character cannot do something that a player wouldn’t. This is why gamers prefer games over movies – they want to feel the control over the story. This means that a player cannot experience the moment when he thinks, â€Å"There is no way my character can do this.† A good plot keeps the balance here. Of course, characters have some traits that are unlike the players, however, there is no chance that a character may speak or know about some unfamiliar things that took place in the past. By the way, this is the reason why so many games start with the character’s amnesia. The other important feature is interactivity, which gives a player the right of choice. In some games, this is a choice between watching a TV or doing dishes, while the in the others this choice is connected with the entire world. How to write a video game script? Decide the main storyline and make an outline If you have different ending ideas and want to include them in your story, you have to outline the main line first. Despite all the possible endings, a player has to go through the listing of them and make a decision. Of course, if you are writing a story with a single ending, then the major line is much easier to create. In any case, an outline is absolutely crucial to compose. What kind of game is it? If you think that game’s mechanics is not something a writer should care about, then you are wrong. So you should decide what kind of game it is: Role-playingActionPuzzlesFirst-person shooter These are the basic types, of course. Don’t forget about the hybrids! The universe development In most cases, the universe of the game is even more important than a character. Don’t forget that a player will view the world more than a character, even if it is a third-person game. The game’s universe deeply depends on the way the player perceives the character development. It means that the universe’s culture and lore depend on how much your character can explore. Create the main characters Once you have decided the main structure of the universe, you have to create the main character and the prominent ones, such as his companions and villains. Creating a video game character is similar to creating a character of any other story until you include the possibilities that may change character’s behavior. The story’s flow When you have your characters and the main line, you will have to create the deviations of the story as well as any changes that can emerge. Also, this includes developing any side quests that will complement the main flow. Elements that may fill your story out Non-playable characters These are the characters a player can communicate with. Sometimes, they may tell jokes, give some hints or reveal information about the game’s world. Side quests Players usually love the side quests that sprinkle throughout the world. They don’t have to affect the main plot too much but can contribute to the mission’s success. Items In addition to some obvious things like armor and weapons, you may also add letters, notes and other small clues that may help your player to complete the quest. When it comes to the additional items, only the sky is a limit, so be creative! Of course, there are other details in every game script, but these most common ones will give you a good start. So, tinker with them the way you want and most important – have fun!

Books About African American Women and Feminist Theory

Books About African American Women and Feminist Theory Feminism in the 1960s and 1970s made a difference in the life of women in the United States, but the womens movement is often remembered as being too white. Many black feminists responded to the womens liberation movement and the cries of sisterhood with writings that critically analyzed the second wave of feminism or provided missing pieces of the puzzle. Here is a list of five important books about African-American feminism: Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism by bell hooks (1981)The important feminist writer bell hooks responds to racism in the second-wave feminist movement and sexism in the Civil Rights movement. All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave edited by Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Scott and Barbara Smith   (1982)Racism, the feminist â€Å"sisterhood,† myths about women, Black consciousness, history, literature and theory combine in this interdisciplinary anthology. In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens: Womanist Prose by Alice Walker (1983)A collection of nearly 20 years of Alice Walkers writing about the civil rights and peace movements, feminist theory, families, white society, black writers and the â€Å"womanist† tradition. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches by Audre Lorde (1984)An eye-opening collection about feminism, transformation, anger, sexism and identity from the marvelous poet Audre Lorde. Words of Fire: An Ant hology of African-American Feminist Thought edited by Beverly Guy-Sheftall   (1995)This collection includes the philosophies of black women from the 1830s through the turn of the 21st century. Sojourner Truth, Ida Wells-Barnett, Angela Davis, Pauli Murray and Alice Walker are just a few of the writers included.

E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

E-Business - Essay Example The attributes are the various properties which are highlighted in ovals and represent the various features of the system. Frawley (2001) mentions that knowledge of the business system can be derived easily by using the logical designs of the database of the organization where information is very valuable to be stored for effective and efficient retrieval. The very organization of the hotel into departments and their location are the prime factors for designing the network topology and the technologies to be used for efficient communication and sharing of information (Physinfo, 2006). Using LAN the computers are interconnected within the office or building premises so that all the employees are able to get information on demand. The head office has a central server where all the information us stored in the database. The other offices are also networked using the LAN technologies. The switch is two layered and used to take care of the storing and forwarding mechanism as stated in Tanenbaum

Human Resources Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resources Management - Essay Example He planned to hire an office administrator, two route drivers, and a warehouse worker. Beginning in the third quarter of 2009, he toyed with the idea of hiring an operations manager who could handle some of the day-to-day tasks that were starting to drain him professionally and personally. â€Å"There was no one to take work off Mark’s plate,† said Dan Price, who is founder of  Gravity Payments, a credit card processor, and has served as an informal adviser to Mr. Sims through their chapter of  Entrepreneurs’ Organization. â€Å"A first senior hire is daunting for an entrepreneur,† Mr. Price said. In fact, the prospect of carving out time to make hires was daunting to Mr. Sims. He recalled spending three days sorting through resumes when he could have been out getting business. With the unemployment rate high, the number of job applicants has surged, making screening even more time-consuming. â€Å"I get resumes for driver positions from applicants wh o don’t even have a license,† he said. In addition, Mr. Sims conceded that he did not have the best record of accomplishment when it came to hiring. Last year, for example, he brought on employees who seemed â€Å"fine† but did not last. A driver he found on  Craigslist  wrecked a new vehicle. ... Sims considered running ads and browsing resumes posted on state employment agency Web sites. At first glance, this seemed the least expensive way to go. However, after factoring in the time for culling resumes, Mr. Sims was less convinced that this was the best way to find candidates, particularly a strong No. 2. His other option was to hire a recruiter, at least to find the operations manager. However, Mr. Sims was not enthusiastic about spending that kind of money — typically, 20 to 30 percent of the hire’s six-figure salary. He had worked previously with a recruiter who had charged much less ($1,500 per placement), but offered little value. THE DECISION  In consultation with Mr. Price, who had taken his own company to 53 employees, from 10, in the previous four years, Mr. Sims decided to use a recruiter to find his operations manager, beginning the process last November. The agency began by interviewing Mr. Sims, who said he was surprised to realize during the con versation just how much he disliked operations. Once the agency understood his needs, it sent him the resumes of 12 candidates. Of those, Mr. Sims selected six and spent a day interviewing them back-to-back. He then ranked them and scheduled second interviews with the top two — a former chief financial officer and a former tech entrepreneur who had built a business from three to 35 employees before selling it. Mr. Sims, Mr. Price and a human resources employee from Gravity Payments conducted second interviews at the agency. The process took half a day. Mr. Sims interviewed one candidate, while Mr. Price and his colleague interviewed the other, and then